Larvicidal activity of Selected Medicinal Plant extracts against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quiquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae (original) (raw)
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Parasitology Research
Mosquito-borne diseases have an economic impact, including loss in commercial and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates; however, no part of the world is free from vector-borne diseases. In mosquito control programs, botanical origin may have the potential to be used successfully as eggs, larvae, and adult. The larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of crude benzene and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf of Ervatamia coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima were assayed for their toxicity against three important vector mosquitoes, viz., Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in benzene extract of E. coronaria against the larvae of Anopheles Stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus with the LC50 and LC90 values were 79.08, 89.59, and 96.15 ppm and 150.47, 166.04, and 174.10 ppm, respectively. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 48 h posttreatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. The leaf extract of E. coronaria was found to be most effective than Caesalpinia pulcherrima against eggs/egg rafts of three vector mosquitoes. For E. coronaria, the benzene extract exerted 300, 250, and 200 ppm against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. The results of the repellent activity of benzene and ethyl acetate extract of E. coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima plants at three different concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/cm2 were applied on skin of fore arm in man and exposed against adult female mosquitoes. In this observation, these two plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction to the test person, and also, the repellent activity is dependent on the strength of the plant extracts. These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito larvicidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the reported E. coronaria and Caesalpinia pulcherrima plants.
Tropical biomedicine, 2010
Larvicidal activity of crude chloroform, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the leaves and roots of six Indian plants, Aegle marmelos L., Balanites aegyptica L., Calotropis gigantica L., Murraya koenigii L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Plumbago zeylanica L., were tested against the early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles stephensi. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects. However, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extracts of P. zeylanica roots and B. aegyptica roots against Ae.aegypti (LC50 169.61 mg/lit, 289.59 mg/lit) and An.stephensi (LC50 222.34 mg/lit, 102.29 mg/lit), respectively. The methanol extracts of plants were more effective than the other extracts. This is an ideal eco-friendly approach aid for the control of mosquito species, Ae. aegypti, and An.stephensi.
Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2004
The toxicities of methanol extracts from 28 medicinal plant species to early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Ochlerotatus togoi (Aedes togoi), and Culex pipiens pal/ens were determined in the laboratory. Responses varied according to plant and mosquito species. At a concentration of 100 ppm, >90% mortality of the three species was obtained with the extracts of Cinnamomum cassia bark, Illicium verum fruit, Piper nigrum fruit, Zanthoxylum piperitum fruit, and Kaempferia galanga rhizome. P. nigrum fruit extract gave 100% mortality of larvae of Ae. aegypti and 0. togoi at 5 ppm and 96% mortality of larvae of C. pipiens pal/ens at 2.5 ppm. Z. piperitum fruit extract gave 85, 100, and 48% mortality in larvae of Ae. aegypti, 0. togoi, and Cx. pipiens pal/ens at 10 ppm, respectively. The plants described merit further study as potential mosquito larval control agents.
Parasitology Research, 2011
Several diseases are associated to the mosquitohuman interaction. Mosquitoes are the carriers of severe and well-known illnesses such as malaria, arboviral encephalitis, dengue fever, chikunguniya fever, West Nile virus, and yellow fever. These diseases produce significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock around the world. The adulticidal and repellent activities of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of leaf of Eclipta alba and Andrographis paniculata were assayed for their toxicity against two important vector mosquitoes, viz., Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The adult mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate adulticide effects; however, the highest adult mortality was found in methanol extract of A. paniculata against the adults of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti with the LC 50 and LC 90 values were 149.81, 172.37 ppm and 288.12, 321.01 ppm, respectively. The results of the repellent activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extract of E. alba and A. paniculata plants at three different concentrations of 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/cm 2 were applied on skin of forearm in man and exposed against adult female mosquitoes. In this observation, these two plant crude extracts gave protection against mosquito bites without any allergic reaction to the test person, and also, the repellent activity is dependent on the strength of the plant extracts. These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This is the first report on the mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of the reported E. alba and A. paniculata plants.
Review on activity of medicinal plant extracts against mosquito genera Anopheles & Culex
Vector-borne diseases are spreading all across the world, which results in economic and social disturbances. Anopheles is a genera of mosquitoes that are responsible for the transmission of Malaria worldwide that causes millions of deaths every year. Culex is another genera of mosquitoes that transmits Japanese encephalitis, the annual death rate due to JE is 30,000-50,000. However different insecticides are used to control these vector borne diseases successfully such as: Carbamates, Organophosphates, Organochlorines, Pyrethroids Pyrroles and Phenyl pyrazole. Insecticides may be used as indoor sprays or as insecticides treated nets, all these are proved to be effective in eradication of mosquitoes, but these insecticides have some bad impacts as they harms environment, interact with non-targeted species, the major reason of the reduction in use of insecticides is the development of resistance in insects. Insects have altered their target site by alteration in special proteins due to which insecticides are not much harmful for insects. Alternative of these insecticides are plants based products used as larvicides, ovicides, adulticides or as repellents against mosquitoes. Different plant parts are extracted for their use as mosquito codes. Plant parts may be used directly through extraction, or essential oils may be extracted to repel mosquitoes. Essential oils are volatile and are effective as mosquito codes, they possess different fragrances that interact with the olfactory receptors of mosquitoes and repel them. Different plant essential oils are used for this purpose, as Neem oil extracted through seeds of Azadirachta indica used to repel 96-100% mosquitoes of Anopheles genus and 61-94% mosquitoes of Culex genus. Extracts of Garlic plant (Allium sativum) are used for killing of larva of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Some other plants like Citrullus colocynthis, Ocimum basilicum, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Khaya senegalensis, Ficus benghalensis, Mentha piperita etc. are some plants used successfully for elimination of mosquitoes in a natural way.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018
In order to develop an environment-friendly botanical mosquito larvicide alternative to the chemical larvicides, extracts were made from the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens, Lantana camara, Nerium oleander, and Tecoma stans with three organic solvents such as methanol (ME), chloroform (CH), and petroleum ether (PE) using a Soxhlet extractor. The plant extracts were screened for larvicidal activity individually and in combination against the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus as per WHO protocol. Among the extracts, the maximum larvicidal activity was shown by the PE extract of L. camara (LC 50 10.63 mg/ L) followed by the PE extract of T. stans (LC 50 19.26 mg/L), ME extract of N. oleander (LC 50 35.82 mg/L), and PE extract of H. suaveolens (LC 50 38.39 mg/L) against Cx. quinquefasciatus. In the case of Ae. aegypti, the PE extract of T. stans showed maximum activity with LC 50 value of 55.41 mg/L followed by H. suaveolens (LC 50 64.49 mg/L), PE extract of L. camara (LC 50 74.93 mg/L), and ME extract of N. oleander (LC 50 84.09). A blend of these four extracts resulted in a combination with corresponding LC 50 values of 4.32 and 7.19 mg/L against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti. The predator safety factors were 12.55 and 20.88 for Gambusia affinis with respect to Aedes and Culex larvae for the extract combination. Chemical constituents in extracts were also identified by FT-IR and GC-MS data. The present investigations suggest the possible use of this blend of botanical extracts as an ideal ecofriendly, larvicide against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae.
International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2020
Azadirachta indica extracts (ethanol and aqueous) were tested against the 2 and 3 instar larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquito were collected from possible breeding sites such as the puddles, tires tracks, rice fields, gutters etc. around Mubi town. Probit analysis was used to determine the lethal concentration of the extracts at 50% and 95% i.e. LC50 and LC95, respectively. The result of the laboratory bioassay revealed that A. indica extracts at 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml significantly (P>0.05) controlled larval Anopheles mosquitoes in Mubi. However, ethanol extract proved to be more potent than aqueous extract as 100% mortality was recorded after 24 hours in all its concentrations, compared to aqueous extract, where mortality was spread between 24 hours and 48 hours. The LC50 and LC95 further proved the superiority of ethanol extract over aqueous extract. LC50 (-12.309) and LC95 (3.589) calculated for ethanol extract was significantly lower compared to LC50 (2.24E+08) ...
To evaluate the ovicidal and repellent activities of acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol extracts of Melothria maderaspatana against Aedes aegypti. For ovicidal activity, slightly modified method of Su and Mulla was performed. Ovicidal activity was determined against selected mosquito to various concentrations ranging from 40-240 ppm under laboratory conditions. The hatch rates were assessed 48 h post treatment. The repellent efficacy was determined against selected mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg/cm 2 under laboratory conditions. The crude extracts of acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol M. maderaspatana exerted 100% egg mortality (zero hatchability) at 240, 200, 160, 160 and 120 ppm for Ae. Aegypti. Similarly, a higher concentration of 3.0 mg/ cm 2 crude extracts of acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol extracts of M. maderaspatana provided100% protection up to 80, 100, 120, 120 and 140 min against Ae. Aegypti. The present results suggest that the M. maderaspatana methanol leaf extracts provided an excellent potential for controlling selected medically important vector mosquito.
Journal of Science Innovations and Nature of Earth, 2022
The most effective methods for addressing the problems of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution are expected to be phytochemicals. The current study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of metabolites from three indigenous plan in combination (Argemone mexicana, Tinospora cordifolia, and Prunus persica) in controlling Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The leaf and seed of Argemone mexicana, Prunus persica, and the leaf of Tinospora cordifolia and two solvents (ethanol and petroleum ether) making a total 7 combination groups (A to G) were used in bioassay to determine LC50 and LC90 values. Combination group- A (ethanolic + ethanolic extracts of seed of Prunus persica and Argemone mexicana) LC50and LC90 values of 70.79 and 169.59 ppm after 24 h post-exposure. Similarly, other combination groups- B, C, D, E, F, and G with LC50 values of 58.88, 74.13, 81.28, 89.12, 61.65, and 57.54 ppm, respectively, and LC90 values of 147.91, 173.78, 229.08, 269.15, 162.18, and 151.35 ppm, respectively, within 24 h. In combination, against the third instar larvae, all the treatments were shown great larvicidal potential (P<0.05). The regression equation showed a dose-dependent mortality, the mortality rate was positively correlated with the concentration. Results showed plant metabolites can be used in combination as eco-friendly insecticides for the control of dengue vectors.