Casitone-dependent transcriptional regulation of theprtP andprtM genes in the natural isolateLactobacillus paracasei subsp.paracasei (original) (raw)
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Casitone-mediated expression of the prtP and prtM genes in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGIS29
Archives of Microbiology, 2001
Casitone added to chemically defined medium (CDM) specifically influenced the regulation of the proteinase activity in the natural isolate Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGIS29. Comparative analysis of the influence of casitone present in CDM on the proteolytic activity of strain BGIS29 and of L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains SK11 and Wg2 indicated that the proteolytic activity of strains BGIS29 and SK11 is casitone-dependent, whereas that of strain Wg2 is not. The regulatory region of the prt genes of strain BGIS29 was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the prt regulatory region of strain BGIS29 was distinctly different from that of L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains SK11 and Wg2. Transcriptional gene fusions with the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase gene (gusA) were used to study medium-dependent expression of two divergent prtP and prtM promoters of strain BGIS29 (designated P prtP and P prtM , respectively). β-Glucuronidase assays and Northern blot analysis showed that the activities of P prtP and P prtM are controlled by casitone at the transcriptional level.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
The transcription initiation signals of the prtP and prtM genes specifying the proteolytic activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Wg2 were mapped by primer extension. The strength of these promoters was analyzed with promoter-screening vector pGKV410, and they appeared to be weaker than previously isolated promoters of strain Wg2. In addition, a putative transcription terminator downstream of the prtP gene was characterized by using the terminator-screening vector pGKV259. The putative terminator decreased the transcription activity of lactococcal promoter P59 by approximately 70% in both Bacillus subtilis and L. lactis. Deletion of a part of the stem-loop structure of the terminator decreased the negative effect on transcription, indicating that the structure could indeed function as a terminator of transcription. The proteolytic activity of the lactococcal host was enhanced by placing the originally oppositely oriented prt genes in tandem and replacing the relatively weak ...
Use of lac regulatory elements for gene expression in Lactobacillus casei
The lactose operon, lacTEGF, of Lactobacillus casei ssp. casei ATCC393 [pLZ15 -] is encoding an antiterminator protein (LacT), the elements (LacE and LacF) of the lactose-specific phosphotransferase system (PTS) and a phospho-β-galactosidase (LacG). The lac operon is repressed by glucose and fructose and is induced by lactose, through the PTS/CcpA signal transduction system and an antiterminator mechanism, respectively. Furthermore, the antiterminator activity of LacT is also negatively modulated possibly by a PTS-mediated phosphorylation event. These strong regulatory mechanisms have been used in this work for the design of expression systems. Hence, Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase has been efficiently expressed from pIAβ5lacamy on lactose grown cells. Furthermore, a food-grade mutant, expressing Lactococcus lactis acetohydroxy acid synthase genes (ilvBN), was obtained with an integrative system, developed using lacG and lacF as homologous sequences for recombination. As a result, ilvBN genes were integrated in tandem between lacG and lacF in the chromosome and were co-ordinately expressed with the genes of the lactose operon.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
The plasmid-encoded proteinase genes prtP and prtM of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Wg2 were integrated by a Campbell-like mechanism into the L. lactis subsp. lactis MG1363 chromosome by using the insertion vector pKLG610. Two transformants were obtained that differed in the number of amplified pKLG610 copies in head-to-tail arrangements on their chromosomes; MG610 contained approximately two copies, and MG611 contained about eight copies. The amplifications were stably maintained during growth in milk in the absence of antibiotics. The proteolytic activity of strain MG611 was approximately 11-fold higher than that of strain MG610 and about 1.5 times higher than that of strain MG1363(pGKV552), which carried the proteinase genes on an autonomously replicating plasmid with a copy number of approximately 5. All three strains showed rapid growth in milk with concomitant rapid production of acid. The results suggest that a limited number of copies of the proteinase genes prtP and prtM per genome is sufficient for good growth in milk.
Frontiers in Microbiology
The gene cluster responsible for the production of the aureocin A53-like bacteriocin, lactolisterin BU, is located on plasmid pBU6 in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4. Heterologous expression of pBU6 confirmed that production and limited immunity to lactolisterin BU were provided by the plasmid. Comparative analysis of aureocin A53like operons revealed that the structural genes shared a low level of identity, while other genes were without homology, indicating a different origin. Subcloning and expression of genes located downstream of the structural gene, lliBU, revealed that the lactolisterin BU cluster consists of four genes: the structural gene lliBU, the abcT gene encoding an ABC transporter, the accL gene encoding an accessory protein and the immL gene which provides limited immunity to lactolisterin BU. Reverse transcription analysis revealed that all genes were transcribed as one polycistronic mRNA. Attempts to split the lactolisterin BU operon, even when both parts were under control of the PlliBU promoter, were unsuccessful indicating that expression of lactolisterin BU is probably precisely regulated at the translational level by translational coupling and is possible only when all genes of the operon are in cis constellation. Two ρ-independent transcription terminators were detected in the lactolisterin BU operon: the first in the intergenic region of the lliBU and abcT genes and the second at the end of operon. Deletion of the second transcription terminator did not influence production of the bacteriocin in lactococci.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2005
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis bv. diacetylactis S50 produces a lactococcin A-like bacteriocin named bacteriocin S50, and cell envelope-associated PI-type proteinase activity. This strain harbours 3 small size plasmids: pS6 (6.3 kb), pS7a (7.31 kb), and pS7b (7.27 kb). Plasmid curing using a combination of novobiocin treatment (10 µg·mL -1 ) and sublethal temperature (40°C) resulted in a very low yield (0.17%) of Prt -, Bac -, Bac s derivatives, which retained all 3 small size resident plasmids. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA isolated from the strain S50 and cured derivatives in combination with restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that S50 contains 2 additional large plasmids: pS140 (140 kb) and pS80 (80 kb). Conjugation experiments using strain S50 as a donor and various lactococcal recipients resulted in Prt + , Bac + , Bac r transconjugants. Analysis of these transconjugants strongly indicated that plasmid pS140 harbours the prt and bac genes encoding proteinase and bacteriocin production, and immunity to bacteriocin, since each Prt + , Bac + , Bac r tranconjugant contained pS140. Accordingly, none of the Prt -, Bac -, Bac s transconjugants contained this plasmid. pS140 was a self-transmissible conjugative plasmid regardless of the host lactococcal recipient used in the test. Frequency of conjugation of plasmid pS140 did not depend on either the donor or recipient strain.
Taxonomy, physiology and growth of Lactococcus lactis: a review
Mljekarstvo, 2001
Lactococcus lactis species is one of the most important groups of lactic acid bacteria that are used in the dairy industry. The major functions of this species in dairy fermentation are the production of lactic acid from lactose, hydrolysis of casein and citric acid fermentation. Thus their metabolic end products and enzymes directly or indirectly have significant influence in determining the texture and flavour of the final products. In recent years, genetics and physiological properties of lactococci have considerable changed. Therefore, both for basic research and for application purposes in this paper the general view of the new taxonomic classification of Lactococcus lactis, the role of their plasmids and the physiology and nutritional requirements during growth are discussed.
A transcriptional fusion vector, designated pNZ272, based on the promoterless ,-glucuronidase gene (gus4) ofEscherichia coli as a reporter gene, has been constructed for lactic acid bacteria. The replicon of pNZ272 was derived from the Lactococcus lactis plasmid pSH71, allowing replication in a wide range of gram-positive bacteria and E. coli. The applicability of pNZ272 and the expression of the gusA gene in L. lactis was demonstrated in shotgun cloning experiments with lactococcal chromosomal and bacteriophage DNA. In addition, three defined lactococcal promoters were inserted in pNZ272: the plasmid-derived lacA promoter, the chromosomal usp45 promoter, and a promoter from bacteriophage 4SK11G. The three resulting plasmids showed 0-glucuronidase activity in a gusA-deficient E. coli strain and in four species of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc. The copy numbers of the gusA-expressing plasmids were similar within a single species of lactic acid bacteria. However, the specific B-glucuronidase activity and the gusA mRNA levels varied considerably both within a single species and among different species of lactic acid bacteria. The transcriptional start site of all three promoters was determined and found to be identical in the different species. The results of this comparative promoter analysis indicate that the * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biophysical Chemistry, NIZO, Kernhemseweg 2, 6718 ZB Ede, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-8380-59558. Fax: 31-8380-50400. Electronic mail address: NIZO@CAOS.CAOS.KUN. a reporter gene, whose expression should be easily detectable by using a chromogenic substrate. (10). Lactococcus lactis was grown in M17 broth (Difco Laboratories) (41) supplemented with 0.5% glucose (GM17). LAB were grown at 30°C (Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp.) or 37°C (Lactobacillus spp.). Chloramphenicol was used at a concentration of 10 ,Lg/ml for LAB and 25 ,ug/ml for E. coli. Histochemical screening for gusA-positive clones was performed with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-f-D-glucuronide (X-Gluc) (Research Organics Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) at a final concentration of 0.5 mM.
Journal of Bacteriology
To examine the contribution of peptidases to the growth of Lactococcus lactis in milk, 16 single-and multiple-deletion mutants were constructed. In successive rounds of chromosomal gene replacement mutagenesis, up to all five of the following peptidase genes were inactivated (fivefold mutant): pepX, pepO, pepT, pepC, and pepN. Multiple mutations led to slower growth rates in milk, the general trend being that growth rates decreased when more peptidases were inactivated. The fivefold mutant grew more than 10 times more slowly in milk than the wild-type strain. In one of the fourfold mutants and in the fivefold mutant, the intracellular pools of amino acids were lower than those of the wild type, whereas peptides had accumulated inside the cell. No significant differences in the activities of the cell envelope-associated proteinase and of the oligopeptide transport system were observed. Also, the expression of the peptidases still present in the various mutants was not detectably affected. Thus, the lower growth rates can directly be attributed to the inability of the mutants to degrade casein-derived peptides. These results supply the first direct evidence for the functioning of lactococcal peptidases in the degradation of milk proteins. Furthermore, the study provides critical information about the relative importance of the peptidases for growth in milk, the order of events in the proteolytic pathway, and the regulation of its individual components.