Methodological infrastructure in surgical ergonomics: a review of tasks, models, and measurement systems (original) (raw)
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Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, 2018
Introduction Traditional laparoscopic surgery (TLS) has increasingly been associated with physical muscle strain for the operating surgeon. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) may offer improved ergonomics. Ergonomics for the surgeon on these two platforms can be compared using surface electromyography (sEMG) to measure muscle activation, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NTLX) survey to assess workload subjectively. Methods Subjects were recruited and divided into groups according to level of expertise in traditional laparoscopic (TLS) and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS): novice, traditional laparoscopic surgeons (TL surgeons), robot-assisted laparoscopic surgeons (RAL surgeons). Each subject performed three fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) tasks in randomized order while sEMG data were obtained from bilateral biceps, triceps, deltoid, and trapezius muscles. After completing all tasks, subjects completed the NTLX survey. sEMG data normalized to the maximum voluntary contraction of each muscle (MVC%), and NTLX data were compared with unpaired t tests and considered significant with a p ≤ 0.05. Results Muscle activation was higher during TLS compared to RALS in most muscle groups for novices except for the trapezius muscles. Muscle activation scores were also higher for TLS among the groups with more experience, but the differences were less significant. NTLX scores were higher for the TLS platform compared to the RALS platform for novices. Discussion TLS is associated with higher muscle activation in all muscle groups except for trapezius muscles, suggesting greater strain on the surgeon. Increased trapezius muscle activation on RALS has previously been documented and is likely due to the position of the eye piece. The differences seen in muscle activation diminish with increasing levels of expertise. Experience likely mitigates the ergonomic disadvantage of TLS. NTLX survey data suggest there are subjective benefits to RALS, namely in the perception of temporal demand. Further research to correlate NTLX data and sEMG measurements, and to investigate whether these metrics affect patient outcomes is warranted. Keywords Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery • Laparoscopic surgery • Ergonomics Minimally invasive surgery has become the mainstay in a variety of surgical disciplines. In addition to smaller incisions, laparoscopy has well-documented benefits for patients including shorter length of hospitalization, decreased
Advanced Ergonomics in Laparoscopic Surgery
2019
Applied ergonomics is very important in minimally invasive surgery (MIS), especially with the introduction of robotized techniques that have changed the surgeons’ work conditions. However, the main aim remains the engineering to enable the compatibility of fulfillment of surgeons’ tasks in a physical, logical, and organizational environment with security, comfort, and efficiency. Ergonomics contribution is oriented both to design and redesign utilized material and to work organization. Epidemiological studies have shown the appearance of musculoskeletal pathologies in surgeons performing MIS; therefore, it is relevant to identify the intensity, frequency, and duration of risk factors (posture, repeatability, level of effort, touch pressure, and vibration if relevant) associated with this profession. A further relevant consequence of the effort applied during MIS is local muscle fatigue (LMF), an important factor to consider in musculoskeletal pathologies. The aim of this chapter is ...
Ergonomics in Laparoscopic Surgery
Laparoscopic Surgery, 2017
Despite the many advantages for patients, laparoscopic surgery entails certain ergonomic inconveniences for surgeons, which may result in decreasing the surgeons' performance and musculoskeletal disorders. In this chapter, the current status of ergonomics in laparoscopy, laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), and robotassisted surgery will be reviewed. Ergonomic guidelines for laparoscopic surgical practice and methods for ergonomic assessment in surgery will be described. Results will be based on the scientific literature and our experience. Results showed that the surgeon's posture during laparoscopic surgery is mainly affected by the static body postures, the height of the operating table, the design of the surgical instruments, the position of the main screen, and the use of foot pedals. Ergonomics during the laparoscopic surgical practice is related to the level of experience. Better ergonomic conditions entail an improvement in task performance. Laparoscopic instruments with axial handle lead to a more ergonomic posture for the wrist compared to a ring handle. LESS is physically more demanding than conventional and hybrid approaches, requiring greater level of muscular activity in the back and arm muscles, but better wrist position compared with traditional laparoscopy. Physical and cognitive ergonomics with robotic assistance were significantly less challenging when compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery.
Ergonomic factors on task performance in laparoscopic surgery training
Applied Ergonomics, 2012
This paper evaluates the effect of ergonomic factors on task performance and trainee posture during laparoscopic surgery training. Twenty subjects without laparoscopic experience were allotted into 2 groups. Group 1 was trained under the optimal ergonomic simulation setting according to current ergonomic guidelines (Condition A). Group 2 was trained under non-optimal ergonomic simulation setting that can often be observed during training in a skills lab (Condition B). Posture analysis showed that the subjects held a much more neutral posture under Condition A than under Condition B (p < 0.001). The subjects had less joint excursion and experienced less discomfort in their neck, shoulders, and arms under Condition A. Significant difference in task performance between Conditions A and B (p < 0.05) was found. This study shows that the optimal ergonomic simulation setting leads to better task performance. In addition, no significant differences of task performance, for Groups 1 and 2 using the same test setting were found. However, better performance was observed for Group 1. It can be concluded that the optimal and non-optimal training setting have different learning effects on trainees' skill learning.
Ergonomic analysis of primary and assistant surgical roles
The Journal of surgical research, 2016
Laparoscopic surgery is associated with a high degree of ergonomic stress. However, the stress associated with surgical assisting is not known. In this study, we compare the ergonomic stress associated with primary and assistant surgical roles during laparoscopic surgery. We hypothesize that higher ergonomic stress will be detected in the primary operating surgeon when compared with the surgical assistant. One right-hand dominant attending surgeon performed 698 min of laparoscopic surgery over 13 procedures (222 min primary and 476 min assisting), whereas electromyography data were collected from bilateral biceps, triceps, deltoids, and trapezius muscles. Data were analyzed in 1-min segments. Average muscle activation as quantified by maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) was calculated for each muscle group during primary surgery and assisting. We compared mean %MVC values with unpaired t-tests. Activation of right (R) biceps and triceps muscle groups is significantly elevated while...
Ergonomic risk associated with assisting in minimally invasive surgery
Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, 2009
Background Given the physical risks associated with performing laparoscopic surgery, ergonomics to date has focused on the primary minimally invasive surgeon. Similar studies have not extended to other operating room staff. Simulation of the assistant’s role as camera holder and retractor during a Nissen fundoplication allowed investigation of the ergonomic risks involved in these tasks. Methods Seven subjects performed camera navigation and retraction tasks using a box trainer on an operating room table that simulated an adult patient in low lithotomy position. Each subject stood on force plates at the simulated patient’s left side. A laparoscope was introduced through a port into the training box with four 2-cm circles as rear-panel targets located in relation to the assistant as distal superior, proximal superior, distal inferior, and proximal inferior target effects. The subjects held the camera with their left hand, pointing it at a target. The task was to match the target to a circle overlaid on the monitor. Simultaneously, a grasper in the right hand grasped and pulled a panel-attached band. A minute signal moved the subject to the next target. Each trial had three four-target repetitions (phase effect). The subjects performed two separate trials: one while holding the camera from the top and one while holding it from the bottom (grip effect). A 4 × 3 × 2 (target × phase × grip) repeated-measures design provided statistics. Dividing the left force-plate vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) by the total VGRF from both plates provided a weight-loading ratio (WLR). Results The WLR significantly increased (p p > 0.5). Conclusions A high-risk ergonomic situation is created by the assistant’s left or caudal leg disproportionately bearing 70–80% of body weight over time. A distance increase between the camera head location and the camera holder increases ergonomic risk. The phase effect was interpreted as a compensatory rebalancing to reduce ergonomic risk. Ergonomic solutions minimizing ergonomic risks associated with laparoscopic assistance should be considered.
Ergonomic assessment of optimum operating table height for hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery
Surgical Endoscopy, 2009
Background To investigate the influence of the working surface height on task performance and muscle workload in hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery. Methods The standard task used was closure of 5-cm enterotomy inside a hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery trainer. Surgeons were instructed to place the sutures 3-5 mm apart and from the enterotomy edge. Ten surgeons participated in each experiment and one task was performed with each level. The first experiment compared the quality of task performance and muscle workload with the working surface at: elbow level, 10 cm above, 15 cm above and 10 cm below the elbow. Further narrower levels (5 cm below, at the elbow and 5 cm above the elbow) were investigated in the second experiment. Outcome measures were execution time (s), placement error score (mm), leakage pressure (mmHg), number of execution errors, muscle workload as measured by integrated electromyography (mVÁs) and visual analogue score of back discomfort (mm). Results The first experiment showed that 15 cm above the elbow level was associated with the longest execution