Building Capabilities for Flood Disaster and Hazard (original) (raw)
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This paper examined the level of preparedness and capacity building to tackle urban flooding in Nigerian cities. Firstly, the incidences of urban flood hazards, causes and impacts were examined; secondly, the role of urbanization as large creator of flood risk for much of the urban population was analysed. Thirdly, discussion was about the vulnerability, preparedness and coping strategies of the people to these hazards. Fourthly, an examination of the role of spatial planning, sustainable drainage systems and land use management in building capacities to tackle flood hazards was carried out. The paper concluded that lack of proper spatial planning and land use management coupled with incapacity of governments to ensure good urban governance exacerbate the cases of urban flood in Nigeria. A GIS-based spatial planning and land use management can be a versatile tool in building capacities for flood disaster reduction and preparedness to ensure sustainable urban development.
2012
This paper examined the level of preparedness and capacity building to tackle urban flooding in Nigerian cities. Firstly, the incidences of urban flood hazards, causes and impacts were examined; secondly, the role of urbanization as large creator of flood risk for much of the urban population was analysed. Thirdly, discussion was about the vulnerability, preparedness and coping strategies of the people to these hazards. Fourthly, an examination of the role of spatial planning, sustainable drainage systems and land use management in building capacities to tackle flood hazards was carried out. The paper concluded that lack of proper spatial planning and land use management coupled with incapacity of governments to ensure good urban governance exacerbate the cases of urban flood in Nigeria. A GIS-based spatial planning and land use management can be a versatile tool in building capacities for flood disaster reduction and preparedness to ensure sustainable urban development.
Routledge eBooks, 2023
Introduction and problem description Flood disasters have been one of the major impacts of global climate change and some of the most signifi cant disasters that our world faces today. Flooding in rural areas damages crops and constrains the food security of the populace (Pidgeon & Butler, 2009; Dawson et al., 2011). However, in most developing countries, urban fl oods have become more devastating and frequent in recent times. The huge economic losses from urban fl ood disasters are raising considerable concerns among experts as they limit potential for economic growth among developing nations (Butler & Pidgeon, 2011; Butler, 2008). Cities are typically engines of growth and the catalyst for sustainable national development. It is estimated that 50% of the world population will live in urban areas in the year 2030. Further, a majority of the 3 billion people who will dwell in the cities by the year 2030 will be in sub-Saharan Africa. Most cities in Africa have had terrible experiences of urban fl ood disasters that are not only dangerous but also reoccurring. For example, in July 2021, more than 40% of Lagos state's land area was submerged after rainfall that fell for more than 5 hours. Many commuters were trapped and houses submerged. These fl ood disasters are usually followed by loss of lives and properties. It is estimated that the majority of urban population in poor countries have no capacity to adapt to the e ects of climate change or even the potential to rebound after a fl ood disaster before another one occurs. The root cause of most fl ood disasters in Nigeria, like any developing country, is largely due to poor planning, inadequate fl ood control mechanisms and uncontrolled solid waste disposal in cities. Causes of fl ooding include natural factors such as heavy rainfall, high tides, storm surges, embankment failures and low infi ltration capacity of the soil, among others (White, 2010). But principally urban fl ooding in developing countries is due to poor drainage, disorganized building layout, unplanned development, improper management of solid waste and a host of other anthropogenic activities.
Extreme weather events have caused havoc to lives and properties in recent years. Research and development have also been focused on these global phenomena. The situation is getting alarmed in Nigeria. The aim of the paper is to study incidences of floods in Nigerian cities and towns. Topographical Maps of 25 cities and towns were studied. Floods, drainage channels, runoffs and effects of human activities on floods were observed and studied. Interviews were conducted with 20 professionals, urban dwellers and twenty Local Government Chairmen of the cities and towns. There was a questionnaire that was administered among 2,000 urbanites. It collected data about the frequency, sizes and havocs caused by floods. Some of the cities particularly Lagos, Warri and Port-Harcourt are under the sea level with average gradient of less than 1:100,000. Run-offs are increasing in volume and areas of coverage but relatively drainage channels are inadequate; and they have been blocked through the adverse living habits of the urban dwellers. Waste waters are contributing as base water to rain water in the drainage channels. These result in grievous consequences of flood. All forms of transportation are affected each time it comes; lives, farm lands and properties are lost; and economic activities are grounded. Human factors are predominantly the cause. More attention has to be paid to urban physical planning.
Urban Planning, Sustainable Development and Flooding: a case study of Port Harcourt city, Nigeria
2019
Flooding is the most widespread environmental disaster in Nigeria and flooding impacts are exacerbated by poor urban planning. Flooding is a direct impediment to Nigeria achieving its sustainable development goals, particularly SDGs: 1: No Poverty; 2: Zero Hunger; 3: Good Health and Wellbeing; 4: Quality Education; 6:Clean Water and Sanitation; 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth; 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; and 15: Life on Land. Using the city of Port Harcourt as a case study, this thesis sets out to investigate the relationship between urban planning, sustainability and flooding in Nigeria. Given the key role of urban planning in achieving sustainable development, and given that poor planning has been linked to flooding in Port Harcourt, practicing planning professionals were interviewed to understand their views on the city’s flooding problems. Research questions explored how the concept of sustainable development is understood among planners in Port Harcourt, how urban planning influences the flooding being experienced in Port Harcourt, the effects of flooding on Port Harcourt’s sustainable development, how the flooding impacts Port Harcourt’s residents, and ways the effects of flooding can be mitigated. While urban planners are responsible for implementing policy changes in Port Harcourt to tackle the flooding problem, their views had not previously been explored. This thesis thus represents a new area of research linking urban planning, flooding and public policy. The thesis argues urban planners of Port Harcourt Nigeria have a sound understanding of sustainability and are fully aware of the connections between poor urban planning and flooding, however widespread non-compliance with planning laws and improper building approvals undermines the city’s legal and planning architecture that does exist to control floods and achieve Nigeria’s SDGs.
Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2022
Flooding is becoming a yearly reoccurring event in many communities and cities in Nigeria, leading to the destruction of properties and deaths; hence, we must take measures to either prepare for the impact or curb the occurrence. The study identified flood vulnerability levels of communities in Isoko North LGA based on physical environmental domains such as land use, elevation, and proximity to river channel (drainage) using geospatial techniques. Also, attributes that could contribute to the resilience capacity building of the communities were assessed. From the study, 73.93% of the entire area is moderately and highly vulnerable to flood, while among the communities, seventeen (17) are categorized as moderately vulnerable, and four (4) are lowly vulnerable. The overall resilience capacity of the communities indicated can build a substantial capacity towards community resilience (3.02, 0.06). However, there is a need to encourage collaboration with stakeholders to improve mitigation action and enhance various shortcomings toward resilience capacity building.
Disaster occurrences are on the increase all over the world and large numbers of people are constantly exposed to the risk associated with these disasters including flooding. Urban areas, especially in developing countries, are highly vulnerable with increasing threat of flood; there is therefore need for an assessment of flood vulnerability and capacity for implementing disaster risk reduction (DRR) programmes in communities. The study focuses on the use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technology to propose an effective assessment of the vulnerability of Kubwa town to flooding and the capacity for implementing a DRR programme in the area. Satellite imageries for three periods: 1987, 2001 and 2006 were used for an overall assessment to produce a contemporary land use maps. Comparative analyses of the old land use map, the master plan and the derived land use map shows that there has been consistent changes in the original land use compared to the current, evidenced in the increase of areas allotted for residential purposes (20.54% to 75.6%). Buffering analysis was carried out to determine areas that fall within the floodplain. Digital Terrain Modelling (DTM) and slope analysis were used to re-classify the area into different levels of vulnerability. The analyses showed that the central part of Kubwa, which is the most populated area, is most affected by flood incidences due to soil sealing resulting to infiltration. Other features of this area are encroachment on the flood plains, clogging of the drains and lack of land use planning. The study therefore recommends the need for improved land use planning, enforcement of standards and codes, Community Education/ participation, among others.
Assessment of Urban Vulnerability towards Flood: A case study of Kosofe LGA, Lagos State, Nigeria
Regularly occurring flood events do have a history in Kosofe Local government area (LGA), the study area for this research. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are crucial prerequisites for the development of risk prevention measures. The goal of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards floods in Kosofe LGA as one component of flood risk. The analysis and assessment of vulnerability is based on the application of a multi-scale (individual, household, ward level) set of indicators and the use of a broad range of data. The case-specific set of indicators developed in this thesis shows the relevant variables and their interrelations influencing the flood vulnerability in the study area. It provides a decision support tool for stakeholders and allows for monitoring and evaluating changes over time. The thesis outlines how GIS, census, and remote sensing data as well as household surveys are used as an information base for the derivation of vulnerability maps for twenty-one administrative wards of Kosofe LGA in Lagos State, Nigeria. The overall research approach of this thesis will aggregate a number of selected datasets with physical, social, economic and ecological variables and analyze GIS data layers to depict different ranges of percentage of ‘flood vulnerability’ (low-high vulnerability).
Geosfera Indonesia
In many Nigerian states, urban flooding has resulted into the death of numerous people and destruction of properties worth billions of Naira. This study examined the vulnerability dynamics and urban flood hazardscape pattern within Gombe city with a view to providing bases for policy formulation (where necessary), enforcement and decision making on flood risk reduction for enable sustainable urban development. ASTER DEM and Landsat images (2000, 2010 and 2019) was used to generate Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and impervious surface areas. Rainfall data for 2000-2018 was used to examine rainfall trend using regression analysis. The result revealed that flood hazardscape and vulnerability dynamics are largely influenced by physical and social factors. The results for vulnerability dynamics shows that as at 2000, about 1.4km2 lies on the relatively low vulnerable area,4.1km2falls within the moderate, and about 14.6km2 falls on critical area. By 2010, only about 1km2 lies on the relative...
Flood management in cities of developing countries: the example of Ibadan, Nigeria
Flooding, a common environmental hazard worldwide has, in recent times, increased as a result of climate change, with the effect felt more by the poor in developing countries. In Nigeria, as in most developing countries, flooding has been linked to natural causes, urbanisation and poor management practices. It has resulted to loss of lives, income, property damage and spread of diseases. The recurrent incidences of flooding and associated risks in cities of developing countries have necessitated a review of the approaches to flood risk management in Nigeria. This paper takes a look at the incidence of flooding in Ibadan, a major city in Nigeria. It examines its causes, effects and the effectiveness of the flood management options. The study found that even with daunting challenges of financial constraints, mismanagement, lack of continuity in governance and policy, and small-scale flood management remedies, such as proper waste management, dredging, clearing of channels and bridge throughway, have proven effective in the management of flood risks. The study recommends an intensification of non-structural strategies of flood management. Key words: Developing countries; environmental hazard; flood management; flooding