A Test of Tiffany's Cognitive Model of Drug Urges and Drug-Use Behavior (original) (raw)

Cognitive mechanisms and therapeutic targets of addiction

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2017

Fundamental to cognitive models of addiction is the gradual strengthening of automatic, urgerelated responding that develops in tandem with the diminution of self-control-related processes aimed at inhibiting impulses. Recent conceptualizations of addiction also include a third set of cognitive processes related to self-awareness and superordinate regulation of self-control and other higher brain function. This review describes new human research evidence and theoretical developments related to the multicausal strengthening of urge-related responding and failure of self-control in addiction, and the etiology of disrupted self-awareness and rational decisionmaking associated with continued substance use. Recent progress in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms of addiction is reviewed, including cognitive bias modification, mindfulness training, and neurocognitive rehabilitation. Recent conceptualizations of addiction [1-3] • include three disparate but interactive sets of mental processes instrumental to the initiation, progression, and maintenance of addiction 1 : (1) implicit cognitive processes, which encompass learning and memory; (2) metacognitive processes, including self-awareness, reflective thinking, and superordinate self-regulation; and (3) executive function, which includes other higher order mental processes necessary for

Addiction and Cue-Conditioned Cognitive Processes

2002

We propose an economic theory of addiction based on the premise that cognitive mechanisms such as attention affect behavior independently of preferences. We argue that the theory is consistent with foundational evidence (e.g. from neuroscience and psychology) concerning the nature of decision-making and addiction. The model is analytically tractable, and it accounts for a broad range of stylized facts concerning addiction. It also generates a plausible qualitative mapping from the characteristics of substances into consumption patterns, thereby providing a basis for empirical tests. Finally, the theory provides a clear standard for evaluating social welfare, and it has a number of striking policy implications.

Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Co-Occurrence and Specificity

2012

Research over the last two decades suggests that a wide range of substance and behavioral addictions may serve similar functions. Yet, co-occurrence of addictions has only been reported among a minority of addicts. "Addiction specificity" pertains to a phenomenon in which one pattern of addictive behaviors may be acquired whereas another is not. This paper presents the PACE model as a framework which might help explain addiction specificity. Pragmatics, attraction, communication, and expectation (PACE) variables are described, which may help give some direction to future research needs in this arena.

The psychological science of addiction

Addiction, 2007

Aim To discuss the contributions and future course of the psychological science of addiction. Background The psychology of addiction includes a tremendous range of scientific activity, from the basic experimental laboratory through increasingly broad relational contexts, including patient-practitioner interactions, families, social networks, institutional settings, economics and culture. Some of the contributions discussed here include applications of behavioral principles, cognitive and behavioral neuroscience and the development and evaluation of addiction treatment. Psychology has at times been guilty of proliferating theories with relatively little pruning, and of overemphasizing intrapersonal explanations for human behavior. However, at its best, defined as the science of the individual in context, psychology is an integrated discipline using diverse methods well-suited to capture the multi-dimensional nature of addictive behavior. Conclusions Psychology has a unique ability to integrate basic experimental and applied clinical science and to apply the knowledge gained from multiple levels of analysis to the pragmatic goal of reducing the prevalence of addiction.

Behavioral approach and inhibition, motives for use, and consequences of drug use among college students.

Research has shown several personality traits predict substance use and related consequences, but that these associations are mediated by motives for use. The present study examined eight personality measures, conceptually organized using Gray’s theory of behavioral approach and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS), and their associations with drinking motives and substance use and consequences among undergraduate students (n = 270). In separate models, the latent variables approach and inhibition predicted drinking motives, which predicted substance use and consequences. In the BAS model, approach, partially mediated by enhancement drinking motives, predicted substance use and consequences (CFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06). In the BIS model, inhibition, fully mediated by coping and conformity drinking motives, predicted substance use and consequences (CFI = 0.93, NFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.08). The present study clarifies the role of motives in explaining the association between personality and substance use and use-related consequences.

Modeling cognitive influences on drinking and alcohol problems

Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 2009

We explored the relationships between two domains of alcohol-related cognitions (expectations and reasons for drinking) and their associations with alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence. It is hypothesized that alcohol-related cognitions will relate directly to drinking behaviors and indirectly to alcohol dependence. Data came from the 1995 National Alcohol Survey, which included black and Hispanic oversamples. The analysis was restricted to 2,817 respondents who reported alcohol consumption at least once in the past year. Path analysis, including key demographic factors, modeled the associations between expectations, reasons for drinking, frequency of heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded separate latent variables for expectations (positive and negative), reasons for drinking (social and escape), frequency of heavy alcohol use, and alcohol-dependence symptoms. Associations between positive expectations and frequency of hea...

Detected, selected, and sometimes neglected: cognitive processing of cues in addiction

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2002

It is proposed that potential drug cues are evaluated preattentively, are prioritized, and subsequently trigger somatovisceral, behavioral, and cognitive responses. Throughout, this information processing is subjected to automatized attentional and interpretative biases. These processes can enhance subjective awareness of physiological arousal, action tendencies, and cognitions but can also be inhibitory. Accordingly, different components of cue reactivity do not gain equal access to the limited processing resources necessary to generate experience of craving. I thank M. W. Eysenck for his initial encouragement and support in the writing of this article.

A Triadic Neurocognitive Approach to Addiction for Clinical Interventions

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2013

According to the triadic neurocognitive model of addiction to drugs (e.g., cocaine) and non-drugs (e.g., gambling), weakened "willpower" associated with these behaviors is the product of an abnormal functioning in one or more of three key neural and cognitive systems: (1) an amygdala-striatum dependent system mediating automatic, habitual, and salient behaviors; (2) a prefrontal cortex dependent system important for self-regulation and forecasting the future consequences of a behavior; and (3) an insula dependent system for the reception of interoceptive signals and their translation into feeling states (such as urge and craving), which in turn plays a strong influential role in decision-making and impulse control processes related to uncertainty, risk, and reward. The described three-systems account for poor decision-making (i.e., prioritizing short-term consequences of a decisional option) and stimulus-driven actions, thus leading to a more elevated risk for relapse. Finally, this article elaborates on the need for "personalized" clinical model-based interventions targeting interactions between implicit processes, interoceptive signaling, and supervisory function aimed at helping individuals become less governed by immediate situations and automatic pre-potent responses, and more influenced by systems involved in the pursuit of future valued goals.