Spinosad: a biorational mosquito larvicide for use in car tires in southern Mexico (original) (raw)
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The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is highly toxic to Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae
Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2004
Spinosad is a naturally derived biorational insecticide with an environmentally favourable toxicity profile, so we investigated its potency against mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). By laboratory bioassays of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (Tracer 1), the 24 h lethal concentration (LC 50) against Aedes aegypti (L.) third and fourth instars was estimated at 0.025 p.p.m. following logit regression. The concentration-mortality response of third-and fourth-instar Anopheles albimanus Weidemann did not conform to a logit model. The LC 50 value of spinosad in Anopheles albimanus was 0.024 p.p.m. by quadratic linear regression. A field trial in southern Mexico demonstrated that spinosad 1 p.p.m. compared with the standard temephos (Abate 1) 1% granules 100 g/m 3 water prevented Ae. aegypti breeding in plastic containers of water for 8 weeks; at 10 p.p.m. spinosad prevented breeding for > 22 weeks. In another field trial, spinosad at 5 p.p.m. and temephos both completely eliminated reproduction of Ae. aegypti for 13 weeks. In contrast, the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti, Vectobac 1 AS) performed poorly with just 2 weeks of complete inhibition of Ae. aegypti breeding. Spinosad also effectively prevented breeding of Culex mosquitoes and chironomids in both trials to a degree similar to that of temephos. We conclude that spinosad merits evaluation as a replacement for organophosphate or Bti treatment of domestic water tanks in Mesoamerica. We also predict that spinosad is likely to be an effective larvicide for treatment of mosquito breeding sites.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2007
The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is a reduced-risk material that is neurotoxic to Diptera. The 24-h 50% lethal concentration by laboratory bioassay in third instars of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Rockefeller strain) was estimated at 0.026 ppm. Two identical Þeld trials were performed in an urban cemetery in southern Mexico during the dry and wet seasons. Water containers treated with 1 or 5 ppm spinosad suspension concentrate (Tracer, Dow Agrosciences) were as effective in preventing the development of Aedes spp. (mostly Ae. aegypti) as temephos granules during both trials, whereas the bacterial insecticide VectoBac 12AS performed poorly. The half-life of aqueous solutions of spinosad (10 ppm) placed in a warm sunny location was 2.1 d, compared with 24.5 d for solutions in a shaded location. Spinosad, temephos, and VectoBac were not repellent to gravid Ae. aegypti at the concentrations tested, and no ovicidal properties were observed. The 24-h survival of neonate larvae but was reduced by 94 Ð100% in the presence of residues carried over from the spinosad treatments, but it was not affected by residues of temephos or VectoBac. The toxicological properties of spinosad, combined with its favorable environmental proÞle, should encourage the detailed evaluation of spinosad as a mosquito larvicide in domestic and urban environments.
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2007
The naturally derived insecticide spinosad is a reduced-risk material that is neurotoxic to Diptera. The 24-h 50% lethal concentration by laboratory bioassay in third instars of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Rockefeller strain) was estimated at 0.026 ppm. Two identical Þeld trials were performed in an urban cemetery in southern Mexico during the dry and wet seasons. Water containers treated with 1 or 5 ppm spinosad suspension concentrate (Tracer, Dow Agrosciences) were as effective in preventing the development of Aedes spp. (mostly Ae. aegypti) as temephos granules during both trials, whereas the bacterial insecticide VectoBac 12AS performed poorly. The half-life of aqueous solutions of spinosad (10 ppm) placed in a warm sunny location was 2.1 d, compared with 24.5 d for solutions in a shaded location. Spinosad, temephos, and VectoBac were not repellent to gravid Ae. aegypti at the concentrations tested, and no ovicidal properties were observed. The 24-h survival of neonate larvae but was reduced by 94 Ð100% in the presence of residues carried over from the spinosad treatments, but it was not affected by residues of temephos or VectoBac. The toxicological properties of spinosad, combined with its favorable environmental proÞle, should encourage the detailed evaluation of spinosad as a mosquito larvicide in domestic and urban environments.
Pest Management Science, 2011
BACKGROUND: Field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern Mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (Tracer 480SC) on the inhibition of development of Aedes albopictus L. and Ae. aegypti Skuse. For this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg L −1 ), Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti, VectoBac 12AS), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.
Insects
The present study examined the efficacy of λ-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and granular formulations of spinosad and temephos for the control of mosquito larvae present in experimental tires in Veracruz State, Mexico in the period 2015–2016. Both λ-cyhalothrin and spinosad granules provided control of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex spp. in used tires in Veracruz State, Mexico, over a 9–12 week period, although numbers of Culex were low. The numbers of Aedes larvae + pupae in pyriproxyfen and temephos-treated tires were slightly less than half of the untreated control tires, probably a result the pupicidal characteristics of pyriproxyfen and possible resistance in the case of temephos. Spinosad was less harmful to predatory Toxorhynchites spp. than λ-cyhalothrin or temephos. The reduced susceptibility to temephos in Aedes populations was confirmed at five other sites in Veracruz. Public health authorities should consider incorporating spinosad as a larvicide ...
2012
Dengue is an arbovirosis, transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae). In Brazil the larval control of this mosquito has utilized the organophosphate temephos, which has selected resistant mosquito populations. Faced with this problem, the Ministry of Health is searching for new products including those based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti). The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy and persistence of two bioinsecticides based on Bti (VectoBac WDG and VectoBac DT), one growth regulator – pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv 0.5 G), and a chemical product – temephos (Fersol 1G) in susceptible and temephos resistant populations of A. aegypti. The results showed that the Bti products gave 100% population control for 20 days and there was no difference in susceptibility among the two mosquito populations. The products based on temephos and pyriproxyfen caused 100% larval mortality in both populations for 60 days after treatment..
Mosquito control using biological larvicides: Current Scenario
Emerging infectious diseases are defined as new, reemerging or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future. The causes of resurgence of infectious diseases include changes in human industrial practices, economic development, and changes in land use, increase in international travel and commerce and adaptation of the microbes including development of resistance to antimicrobial agents. Mosquitoes cause great nuisance to human beings and pose threats to public health as vectors of diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile fever. Annually 300 million people are estimated to be affected by malaria, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes with more than one million deaths. The world burden of lymphatic filariasis is estimated to be 250 million people. Approximately 20 million people are infected every year by dengue viruses transmitted by Aedes m...
Evaluation of bifenthrin applications in tires to prevent Aedes mosquito breeding
Journal of the American …, 2009
The efficacy of maximum label rates of bifenthrin applications to dry tires to prevent Aedes mosquito breeding was investigated by field colonization and bioassay trials in shaded and unshaded locations. Aedes notoscriptus and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were the most abundant species present in the field colonization trial. Colonization and survival of Ae. notoscriptus larvae to the late instar occurred significantly earlier in treated tires in shaded compared with unshaded locations (P 5 0.002). Bifenthrin applications in shaded tires only prevented early instar survival for ,2.6 wk. Aedes notoscriptus late instars did not appear in the treated unshaded tires. Culex quinquefasciatus colonized treated tires from the 2 nd wk in both shaded and unshaded treatments. In the bioassay, water from bifenthrin-treated tires, through extrapolation, was found to kill ,100% of late instar Ae. notoscriptus for only ,2.0-2.2 wk in shaded and unshaded tires. Under conditions optimal for Aedes breeding, such as shaded locations, high ambient temperatures, high relative humidity, and high amounts of leaf/organic matter accumulations, bifenthrin may not be effective as a larval control measure in tires for greater than 2.0-2.6 wk.
The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry"
The present study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal and pupacidal efficacy of Spinosad on Culex species in their breeding habitats in village of Saft, Beni Suef Governorate, Egypt. The results showed that Spinosad caused a pronounced toxicity against C. pipiens. The total mortality of second and fourth larval instars was achieved by lower concentrations of Spinosad. While the highest pupal morality of C. pipiens was obtained by concentration of 5000 ppm (93.3%), after 168 h under laboratory conditions. Spinosad was applied with concentration of 5000 ppm at semi-field experiments and resulted total mortality of larval instars of C. pipiens, C. theileri and C. perexiguus after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The same concentration induced strong pupal mortalities of C. pipiens, C. theileri and C. perexiguus (90, 60 and 70%), respectively after 48 h. The field experiments, Spinosad (5000 ppm) induced total mortality of larval instars of Culex species and the pupal mortality was higher in breeding habitat, cement irrigation tank (77.8 %) and decreased to 36.4% in agriculture canal. The present study concluded that Spinosad is a promising larvicide that can be used in treatment of mosquito breeding habitat sites with low efficacy on pupae at some habitat sites such as agricultural canals.