Improving Quality-of-Service in Wireless Sensor Networks by Mitigating “Hidden-Node Collisions” (original) (raw)
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Improving Quality-of-Service in Wireless Sensor Networks by mitigating hidden-node collisions
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2009
QoS metrics such as reliability, timeliness and system lifetime. The limited communication range of WSN nodes, link asymmetry and the characteristics of the physical environment lead to a major source of QoS degradation in WSNs -the "hidden node problem". In wireless contention-based Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols, when two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the formers, there will be a collision -called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly impacts network throughput, energyefficiency and message transfer delays, and the problem dramatically increases with the number of nodes. This paper proposes H-NAMe, a very simple yet extremely efficient Hidden-Node Avoidance Mechanism for WSNs. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes that scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no interference between overlapping clusters. Importantly, H-NAMe is instantiated in IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee, which currently are the most widespread communication technologies for WSNs, with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with their protocols standards. H-NAMe was implemented and exhaustively tested using an experimental test-bed based on "off-the-shelf" technology, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. H-NAMe effectiveness was also demonstrated in a target tracking application with mobile robots over a WSN deployment.
H-NAMe: A Hidden-Node Avoidance Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks
IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 2009
The hidden-node problem has been shown to be a major source of Quality-of-Service (QoS) degradation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to factors such as the limited communication range of sensor nodes, link asymmetry and the characteristics of the physical environment. In wireless contention-based Medium Access Control protocols, if two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the formers, there will be a collisionusually called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly affects network throughput, energy-efficiency and message transfer delays, which might be particularly dramatic in large-scale WSNs. This paper tackles the hiddennode problem in WSNs and proposes H-NAMe, a simple yet efficient distributed mechanism to overcome it. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes and then scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no transmission interference between overlapping clusters. We also show that the H-NAMe mechanism can be easily applied to the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee protocols with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with the standard specifications. We demonstrate the feasibility of H-NAMe via an experimental test-bed, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. We believe that the results in this paper will be quite useful in efficiently enabling IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee as a WSN protocol.
2008
The hidden-node problem has been shown to be a major source of Quality-of-Service (QoS) degradation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to factors such as the limited communication range of sensor nodes, link asymmetry and the characteristics of the physical environment. In wireless contention-based Medium Access Control protocols, if two nodes that are not visible to each other transmit to a third node that is visible to the formers, there will be a collisionusually called hidden-node or blind collision. This problem greatly affects network throughput, energy-efficiency and message transfer delays, which might be particularly dramatic in large-scale WSNs. This paper tackles the hiddennode problem in WSNs and proposes H-NAMe, a simple yet efficient distributed mechanism to overcome it. H-NAMe relies on a grouping strategy that splits each cluster of a WSN into disjoint groups of non-hidden nodes and then scales to multiple clusters via a cluster grouping strategy that guarantees no transmission interference between overlapping clusters. We also show that the H-NAMe mechanism can be easily applied to the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee protocols with only minor add-ons and ensuring backward compatibility with the standard specifications. We demonstrate the feasibility of H-NAMe via an experimental test-bed, showing that it increases network throughput and transmission success probability up to twice the values obtained without H-NAMe. We believe that the results in this paper will be quite useful in efficiently enabling IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee as a WSN protocol.
Communications Wireless Sensor Networks : QoS Perspective
2021
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things are facing tremendous advances both in terms of energy-effciency as well as in the number of available applications. Consequently, there are challenges that need to be tackled for the future generation of WSNs. After giving an overview of the WSN protocols and IEEE 802.15.4 standard, this book proposes IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer performance enhancements by employing not only RTS/CTS combined with packet concatenation but also scheduled channel poling (MC-SCP). Results have shown that the use of the RTS/CTS mechanism improves channel effciency by decreasing the deferral time before transmitting a data packet. Furthermore, the Sensor Block Acknowledgment MAC (SBACK-MAC) protocol enables more efficiency as it allows the aggregation of several acknowledgement responses in one special Block Acknowledgment (BACK) Response packet. The throughput and delay performance have been mathematically derived under both ideal conditions (a channel environment with no transmission errors) and non-ideal conditions (with transmission errors). Simulation results successfully validate the proposed analytical models. This research reveals the importance of an appropriate design for the MAC sub-layer protocol for the desired WSN application. Depending on the mission of the WSN application, different protocols are required. Therefore, the overall performance of a WSN application certainly depends on the development and application of suitable e.g., MAC, network layer protocols.
QoS in wireless sensor networks: survey and approach
2007
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer wireless network composed of spatially distributed and autonomous tiny nodes -smart dust sensors, motes -, which cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Nowadays these kinds of networks support a wide range of applications, such as target tracking, security, environmental control, habitat monitoring, source detection, source localization, vehicular and traffic monitoring, health monitoring, building and industrial monitoring, etc. Many of these applications have strong requirements for end-to-end delay and losses during data transmissions. In this work we have classified the main mechanisms that have been proposed to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in WSN at Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers. Finally, taking into account some particularities of the studied MAC-and network-layer protocols, we have selected a real application scenario in order to show how to choose an appropriate approach for guaranteeing performance in a WSN deployed application.
High quality of service and energy efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks
Studies in Computational Intelligence, 2014
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly gaining impact in our day to day lives. They are finding a wide range of applications in various domains, including health care, assisted and enhanced-living scenarios, industrial and production monitoring, control networks, and many other fields. In future, WSNs are expected to be integrated into the ''Internet of Things'', where sensor nodes join the Internet dynamically, and use it tocollaborate and accomplish their tasks. As wireless sensor networks being used in many emerging applications the requirement of providing high quality of service (QoS) is becoming ever more necessary. This highlights major issues like collision, scalability, latency, throughput and energy consumption. In addition mobile sensor network faces further challenges like link failure, neighbourhood information, association, scheduling, synchronisation and collision. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols play vital role in solving these key issues. This chapter presents the fundamentals of MAC protocols and explains the specific requirements and problems these protocols have to withstand for WSN. The QoS is addressed for both static and mobile sensor networks with detailed case study of the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN standard. Research challenges with literature survey and further directions are also discussed. The chapter ends with conclusions and references.
MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
This chapter provides a broad overview of the MAC protocols especially developed for sensor networks. These MAC protocols differ from typical WLAN access protocols in that they trade off performance (latency and throughput) for a reduction in energy consumption to maximize the lifetime of the network. This is in general achieved by duty cycling the radio, and it is the MAC layer that controls when the radio is switched on and off. An important consequence is that a MAC protocol needs to be aware of its neighbors' sleep/active schedules, since sending a message is only effective when the destination node is awake. An obvious solution is to have all nodes synchronize on one global schedule, so no separate neighbor state is required, which maps well onto the resource limitations of typical sensor nodes. However, grouping communication into small (active) periods increases the chance on collisions, hence, other forms of organization have been proposed. This chapter surveys, and details the historic development of, the three most common styles of medium access control for wireless sensor networks: random, slotted, and frame-based organization. and channel conditions at hand. In this chapter we will classify the major trends in MAC design for energy efficiency, and detail the historic advances within each class. We do not provide a thorough performance analysis, but include enough hints for end users to select an appropriate MAC for their (next) WSN deployment.
A Step towards the Efficiency of Collisions in the Wireless Sensor Networks
ICST Transactions on Scalable Information Systems
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have an ideal tactic for implementing the number of applications due to evading complex wirings connections and their maintenance. On the other hand, the main source of data communication in other networks is protocols. The Medium Access control Protocol defines when a wireless sensor (WS) transmits its recognizer data. However, MAC protocols suffer from collisions that ultimately affect the performance of WSNs. Consequently, care must be taken for improving the efficiency of medium access protocol. This paper presents a model of the Lightweight medium access protocol (LMAC) protocol, which is energy efficient protocol suitable to analyze the probability of collisions for SN (Sensor Nodes) when the data is transmitted at the same time. This paper we consider connected topologies that consist of 5 nodes. For analysis, we have used UMC PRO 0.2 (UPPAAL Model Checker Probabilistic) and results show that the chances of collisions decreases if the weight of nodes before they transmit data is increased. After that, we also compare the results of five nodes with their time slot 5, 6, and 7 depend on the chances of the collisions and suggest an optimistic choice of efficiency and also decrease the cost of networks a network setup that improves the performance and reduces the cost of the network.