The effects of vital dyes on living organisms with special reference to Methylene Blue and Neutral Red (original) (raw)
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Dyes and Stains: from molecular structure to histological application
Frontiers in Bioscience, 2014
In the present review, the chemistry of dyes as well as the interaction mechanisms between tissue and dye has been detailed, and also some of the key factors affecting the selectivity of dyes by certain cellular structures have been mentioned. Moreover, due to the relevance that histological stains have acquired in biomedical research, some of the most common stains have been described, pointing out previous and current applications in basic and applied research.
Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes
Biotechnic and Histochemistry, 2001
A classi®cation of dyes and other colorants is proposed, based on the chemical features responsible for their visibility and generally consonant with the writings of modern color chemists. The scheme differs in several respects from that of the Colour Index (CI), but it retains some traditional small groups of dyes that include biological stains. Natural dyes, recognized as a group in the CI, are placed with or near synthetic dyes with identical or similar chromophores. The new scheme also provides categories for dyes and¯uorochromes that do not have places in the CI classi®cation. Some CI categories, including lactones, aminoketones and hydroxyketones, are not recognized in this new scheme, which is adopted in the forthcoming 10th edition of Conn's Biological Stains: a Handbook of Dyes and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine. Some rules are also set out for the spelling of trivial names, which has long been inconsistent in scienti®c literature.
Preliminary characterization of some natural dyes
African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2018
A preliminary study on the chemical structure of dyes from Rothmannia hispidia, Pterocarpus osun and Terminalia superba was made using chemical tests, UV-visible and infrared spectroscopies. R. hispidia dye was found to contain an alkyl amino group (-NHR) and carbon-carbon double bond conjugated with a carbonyl (C = O) group, and also showed maximum absorption at 595 nm in the visible region. P. osun dye contains conjugated systems, hydroxyl (-OH) and amino (NHR) groups and showed maximum absorption at 506 nm in the visible region whereas T. superba dye is made up of conjugated system, nitro (NO 2) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups. It showed maximum absorption at 478 nm in the visible region.
Revised tests and standards for Biological Stain Commission certification of alcian blue dyes
Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 2020
Alcian blue dyes are copper phthalocyanines with a variety of cationic side chains; they are useful for staining carbohydrate polyanions while avoiding staining of nucleic acids. The properties of the original alcian blue and of similar dyes with published chemical structures are reviewed here. Variation among samples submitted to the Biological Stain Commission (BSC) for certification has led to the recognition of two types of commercially available alcian blue at this time. The designation "alcian blue 8G or equivalent" is reserved for dyes that resemble alcian blue 8GX manufactured in the 1960s (CI 74240; ingrain blue 1). These dyes react with alkali to form an insoluble pigment that cannot be re-dissolved in acid. The name "alcian blue variant" is for similar dyes that do not form insoluble pigments; an alkali-induced precipitate, if formed, re-dissolves with acidification. For certification by the BSC, both types of alcian blue must dissolve in 3% acetic acid to make a 1% solution (pH close to 2.5), which must provide selective coloration of intestinal mucus, cartilage and mast cells, but not of nuclei. After alcian blue staining and treatment with 0.03 M Na 2 CO 3 or Li 2 CO 3 to convert the bound dye to a pigment, the Feulgen stain for DNA is applied. Dyes to be certified as alcian blue 8G or the equivalent must resist extraction by the 5 M HCl used in the Feulgen reaction. Dyes to be certified as alcian blue variant are not required to be convertible to acid-insoluble pigments, but they must dissolve easily in water at pH 5.7 containing 0.5 M magnesium chloride and the dye must remain in solution for at least 24 h. A critical electrolyte concentration (CEC) staining test also is described; this must be passed for certification of an alcian blue variant. Successful CEC staining is also a desirable property of alcian blue 8G or equivalent, but not essential for certification of an otherwise satisfactory batch. The spectrophotometric criteria for alcian blue dyes also are revised; a wider range of absorption maximum (605-634 nm) is allowed. The dye powders used in published staining techniques with the original alcian blue 8G were 40-60% dye, but some modern alcian blue dyes have dye content as high as 90%. The BSC's assay for dye content is not a criterion for certification, but it should influence the amount of dye to include in a staining solution.
The worldwide demand for natural dyes is nowadays of great interest due to the increased awareness on therapeutic potential and wide range of industrial applications such as in engineering, food, textile, medical and agricultural industries. These environment friendly bioresourse materials produced from non-food crops have revolutionized all industrial sectors especially pharmaceutical and textile industries. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, and minerals without or with least chemical processing. Although, plant based natural dyes are known since time immemorial for dyeing as well as medicinal properties, the structures and protective properties of natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. The present review, describes the detailed information about basic chemistry of the major pigments, their medicinal importance and textile applications of naturally occurring dye yielding plants, which are helpful for further development of pharmaceutical formulations and development of value added textile materials. Comparative environmental impact analysis is presented, highlighting the ecofriendliness of natural dyes and adverse ecological concerns of presently used synthetic colorants.
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Reactive dyes for living cells: Applications, artefacts, and some comparisons with textile dyeing
Coloration Technology, 2021
An inclusive chemical definition of “reactive” dyeing of textiles is introduced, encompassing the CI Azoic, CI Mordant, CI Reactive, CI Sulphur and CI Vat dye application classes. Such reactive dyeing increases fibre retention of dye and makes application practically possible. The analogous application of dyes and fluorescent probes as microscopic stains in biology and medicine is outlined, focussing on using reactive fluorescent probes with living cells. Parallels with textile dyeing are noted, eg, enhanced probe retention and facilitation of probe application. However, the primary purpose of using reactive probes with live cells is detection of properties of biological systems: to identify biological structures and chemical/biochemical contents; assess biological functions and physicochemical properties; and determine changes in locations of cells and cell components. Problems occurring with such probes are outlined, particularly the problematic character of many standard protocol...
Recent Use of Natural Animal Dyes in Various Field
Journal of Textiles, Coloration and Polymer Science, 2021
Natural dyes have been used for dyeing, painting, printing, and decoration since the dawn of time. However, with the manufacturing of synthetic dyes in the nineteenth century, it was revolutionised due to its extremely lasting properties and economic effectiveness. However, a new research highlights the negative implications of synthetic dyes, prompting people all over the world to reduce their use of synthetic dyes and focus on natural source colours, which have numerous advantages over synthetic dyes. These colours might be derived from animals, plants, minerals, or microorganisms. In this brief study, we will talk about natural colorants from an animal source and how to extract them using ancient and new methods that allow their counterparts to achieve equivalent properties.