The Issues of Sustainable Solid Waste Management System in Developing Countries.pdf (original) (raw)
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Abstract: Population explosion, high urbanization and improved living standards have induced rapid changes in quantities and material compositions of solid waste generation globally. Until recently solid waste disposal in landfills and open dump sites was considered more economical and it is the most widely used methods in developing countries. Hence the potentials in the other alternative methods such as the resource recovery and recycling and their integration into waste management have been scarcely assessed. However, the ever growing challenges posed by the rapidly increasing quantities and compositions of solid wastes in developing countries led to the searching for alternative waste disposal methods. In this regard the paper presented an assessment of the resource potentials of municipal solid waste materials arising from cities in developing countries as a strategy for sustainable solid waste management. Using published data on solid waste composition the paper has identified that there is high potentials of composting in the solid waste stream from cities in developing countries. In conclusion, it recommended the recovery of organic waste material and papers for composting and the recycling of plastic, metals, textiles and others to explore their resource recovery potentials. This will largely reduce the ultimate quantities of solid waste for disposal and lower the operating costs. This strategy will achieve sustainable waste management in developing countries. It is hoped that the paper has provided a useful guide for wastes management policy decisions in developing countries. Keywords: Resource potentials, Organic waste composting, Municipal solid waste composition, Sustainable waste management, Developing countries
Sustainability Concept In Developing Countries [Working Title], 2020
Solid waste can be broadly classified as putrescible and non-putrescible based on its biodegradability. Municipal solid waste contains food waste, papers, plastic, paints, heavy metals and rubber. Industrial solid waste may contain waste adsorbent, waste catalyst sludge, solid residue of by-product, residue of reactions and hazardous materials also. Dewatering, centrifugal filtration, drying and incineration are usual steps used for solid waste treatment in industries. Biodegradable solid waste, being rich in organic content, can be used to synthesize various useful organic compounds. Vermicomposting is an effective method for converting organic waste into nutrientrich fertilizer. Food and vegetable waste can be processed to obtain useful products. Inorganic domestic waste and electronic waste may contain valuable heavy metals like gold and platinum. E-waste and industrial waste containing hazardous waste need to be classified and treated carefully. Non-biodegradable waste like plastic and rubber can be reused or recycled. Non-government organizations in developing countries are playing key role in creating awareness among people about solid waste. Recycling in industries is promoted by government through various schemes and initiatives. This chapter briefly explains initiatives and investigations aimed at increasing adoptability and efficiency of various solid minimizations, reuse, recycle methods and technologies used for synthesis of value-added products.
Waste Composting a Sustainable Practice
Rapid and unplanned urbanization in most cities of India has progressively increased the problem of managing municipal waste in the past few years. With insufficient infrastructure and funds, municipalities in most cities are struggling to cope with the pace of waste generated. Open dumping and burning of waste is widely in practice as a cheaper option leading to high pollution levels. Scientific disposal of waste in a large scale with the elements of segregation, composting, recycling, landfill and incineration are hardly practiced. In an effort to finding affordable and simple solutions to address this burning issue of waste disposal, a pilot scale study was conducted focusing on segregation methodology leading to zero waste community. A resident colony in the city of Guwahati has been chosen, which is seen as a typical representative of most cities in India in terms of size and key issues surrounding waste management. Scientific management and disposal of waste on site is carried out from segregation to compositing. Identifying bottlenecks in the success of the model, data on efficient composting of the waste collected were part of the study. Similar satellite waste management plants could potentially be a solution to supplement the waste management system of municipalities of similar sized cities in India or South East Asia with similar issues surrounding waste disposal.
THE ACADEMIC PAPER ON WASTE MANAGEMENT
Asian developing countries have increased their population, urbanization and industrialization which contribute to solid waste (SW) generation. For example, in India it was between 0.2 kg/capita/day and 0.5 kg/capita/day with 217 million people . Most of SW composition in the cities of developing countries is biodegradable organics. For examples, it was 65% in Jakarta and 72.41% in Surabaya . Whereas, in the Asian developed countries, such as in Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea, these values were generally less than 45% . The World Bank classified countries in the world based on Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. The classification of countries were low income (GNI of 1,005orless);lowermiddleincome(GNIof1,005 or less); lower middle income (GNI of 1,005orless);lowermiddleincome(GNIof1,006 - 3,975);uppermiddleincome(GNIof3,975); upper middle income (GNI of 3,975);uppermiddleincome(GNIof3,976 - 12,275);andhighincomecountry(GNIof12,275); and high income country (GNI of 12,275);andhighincomecountry(GNIof12,276 or more). Some developing countries in Asia, such as Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran, and Nepal, were commonly in the range of low- income to lower middle income. Developing countries in Asia have the same existing conditions. The SW generation was high, because of the population and the main component of SW is decomposable organic. For examples, the decomposable organic was 61.5% in Malaysia, and in Indonesia of 68.12% to 72.41% . On the other hand, the common problems are lack of collection coverage, and open dumped landfill as the final disposal method. This disposal method gave the environmental pollution, such as the pollution of soil, surface and groundwater caused by leachate and GHGs emission caused by the waste decomposition process. The main objective of this paper is to review the condition and current problems of solid waste management (SWM) in Asian developing countries, and to find out alternative solutions to reduce the waste generation. The population growth in Indonesia is one of the highest in ASEAN countries, about 235 million and growth rate of 1.3% per year based on the central statistic agency. In 2008 Indonesian population is increase in most major city in Indonesia, based on data source from Ministry of Environment. The population growth brings about the increasing amount of the waste which becomes a problem facing the government also it has created poor environmental living conditions that significantly affect sanitary conditions. The Government Regulation No. 81 of 2012 Concerning Waste Management gives definition about waste management. From Article 1 point 3 states that waste management is the activity that systematic and continuously which included reduce and waste handling. One of the factors that cause environmental damage that is still remains a major problem for Indonesia is a garbage disposal. The rubbish was transported by special trucks and dumped or stacked away in a place that has been provided without any unharmed again. It certainly affects the environment in which the environment becomes dirty and rotting garbage would be the seeds of disease in later life. Although it proved trash can harm if not managed properly, but there are side benefits. This is because in addition can be disastrous for the people, rubbish can also be converted into useful goods. The usefulness of this waste is inseparable from the use of science and technology in handling and also the awareness of the people to manage it.
American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2010
Problem statement: Both wastes and the crude disposal techniques have created subtle and yet serious environmental pollution havoc in many developing countries. This has lead to the degradation of abiotic and biotic components of these nations' ecological systems. Poor industrial waste disposal systems as well as the indiscriminate and inappropriate domestic litter disposal habit have been identified and proved to be basic features in rural settlements, semi-urban areas and urban centers of the developing world. These have seriously contributed to environmental pollution and ecological deterioration. The major reasons for these were identified to be inadequate information and insufficient modern waste disposal facilities. Approach: This study highlighted the use of simple, yet efficient waste disposal techniques and recommends the adequate supply and optimal utilization of trashcan and rubbish drums in private and public places; the consistent and wide use of recyclable materials and recycling equipment; information flow and training of all on the use of new techniques and methods and the need for the production and/or introduction of other appropriate technology and policy to enhance the implementation and execution of proper waste management schemes that will contribute to a cleaner and safer environment in developing countries. Results: As a result, sanitary landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on waste incineration. Conclusion: In the light of this review research, I recommend that there should be private participation in managing wastes in the developing nation. Since the largest percentage of wastes in developing countries is mainly organic, composting of wastes should be encouraged.
Waste Management in Developing Countries
Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 2020
This chapter summarizes and compares the current situation of waste management practices in developing countries as reported in other chapters of this book. Due to increasing rate of urbanization, population, and economic growth, generation of waste is also on the rise. It further makes the waste management situation trickier for developing countries as effective regulations and policies are either lacking or their stringent enforcement is absent. Thus, it leads to major issues of inefficient waste collection, open dumping, open burning, and over-reliance on landfilling. It was also discovered that holistic approach of all relevant stakeholders from governmental level to waste generators level is glaringly missing in most of the developing countries. At the end of the chapter, several recommendations are presented to overcome the challenges.
Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries
2020
Resilient economic urbanisation growth in Tanzania signifies national increasing trend of solid waste generation that necessitates proper management. About 50% of Tanzanians suffer from intestinal schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths resulting from haphazard solid waste disposal. Various efforts to address solid waste management in Tanzania include establishment of public private partnership and major reforms in policy and regulatory frameworks. Despite these efforts, 60% of waste generated is mismanaged and normally disposed in illegal places along roadsides, sewage canals, and reserved open spaces. Cornerstone of proper solid waste management lies on separation of the waste at source. It is recommended that ‘the smart garbage collection bin’ be adopted at community collection points and charging higher prices for generators who do not separate the waste.
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews
Purpose of study: The interest of this study is to show that the composting of various organic materials makes it possible to contribute to reducing the quantities of Waste sent to landfills and, consequently, the removal of their environmental impact. The aim is to show that aerobic composting of organic Waste can be an alternative to sustainable waste management in Algeria by examining the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams. Methodology: The method is based on analyzing documentary data, field surveys and experiments. The latter examines the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams in Algeria. Three types of Waste are composted and analyzed: green Waste, kitchen waste and a combination. The experiment was carried out from March until June 2021; it involved using organic Waste to produce three different composts in their composition. Research has focused on studying the complex interplay between physical, chemical and bi...
Recycling of Municipal Solid Wastes through Composting: Policy Related Issues
Second International Conference on Recycling and Reuse of Materials (ICRM-2011)
Several experiments (both short-term and long-term in duration) conducted in different countries revealed that compost prepared from municipal solid waste has considerable potential in supplying plant nutrients and in improving soil productivity; but can pose threat to environment . However, comprehensive information in respect of recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) for its beneficial use in agriculture is very scanty in India. This article attempts to understand the obstacle in adoption of MSW compost in the integrated nutrient management in Indian agriculture as well as to suggest doing away with it for better utilization.