Growth of specific muscle strength between 6 and 18 years in contrasting socioeconomic conditions (original) (raw)
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2001 Growth of specific muscle strength
The influence of sex, age, and socioeconomic conditions on specific grip strength of 6 -18-year-old individuals was studied among 1,704 males and 1,956 females belonging to the so-called "Cape Coloured" community in the western part of South Africa. Half of the participants of both sexes came from communities in the Greater Cape Town area where living conditions are comparable to those of middle-class First World communities (high SES). The other half came from the poorest rural communities of Klein Karoo (low SES). Arm circumferences, triceps skinfold thickness, and grip strength of the right and of the left hand were greater in individuals from high SES at all ages. Females within each SES group had skinfolds thicker than males, especially at older ages, and were weaker. Specific grip strength (SS), estimated as grip strength per unit area of cross section of the fat-free arm,
2021
Grip strength (GS) is used as an index of overall health in children. The objectives of our study were to assess GS, gender differences in GS in 9 -18 year old urban (U) and rural (R) Indian children, study association of GS with body composition (BC) and assess determinants. This was part of a multicentre, cross sectional, school-based study (n=1978, mean age 13.3 ± 2.2 years) from 3 U and R states. Anthropometry, BC, dietary intake, physical activity, sunlight exposure and GS (in Kg) measurements were performed. The mean GS increased with age but plateaued in girls after 12 years; was higher in boys (19.6 ± 9.2) than girls (14.3 ± 5.3) (p < 0.05). Mean GS was higher in U (21.05 ± 9.7) than in R boys (17.8 ± 8.2) (p < 0.05), comparable in U (14.9 ± 5.2) and R girls (13.8 ± 5.5). GS in girls remained lower than boys after adjusting for muscle mass (MM). Difference between boys and girls reduced after body size (BMI) correction, but remained low in girls plateauing after 15 yea...
Journal of physiotherapy
What are reference values for grip strength in children and adolescents based on a large and heterogeneous study population? What is the association of grip strength with age, gender, weight, and height in this population? Cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited from schools in the northern provinces of the Netherlands. The study included healthy children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 15 years. All children had their height (cm) and weight (kg) measured and were allowed a total of four attempts using the Jamar hand dynamometer: twice with each hand. Grip strength scores (kg) were recorded for the dominant and non-dominant hands. The study population comprised 2241 children and adolescents. Reference values for both genders are provided according to age and dominance. Grip strength shows a linear and parallel progression for both genders until the age of 11 or 12, after which grip strength development shows an acceleration that is more prominent in boys. There i...
Era's journal of medical research, 2023
HGS is influenced by basic anthropometric determinants like age, stature, and gender, but is independent of race and nationality (4). Grip strength has been accounted to show strong correlations with weight, height, and hand length, but a weak correlation with nutrition and profession (5,6). Several studies regarding HGS have been conducted in previous research on subadults (7), while others investigated differences in HGS between the dominant and non-dominant hand (8). Previous researches have also revealed that while height and weight show a positive correlation with hand strengths at puberty, these parameters show a considerably lesser influence when compared to age and gender (3,9). Other studies revealed stronger HGS in males than in females, and The digits of the hand allow a firm grasp of objects; known as a handgrip. Handgrip strength (HGS) is the maximum force generated by flexed fingers around an object which is voluntarily exerted by an individual under normal biokinetic conditions (1). Handgrip Strength (HGS) mainly represents the muscle strength of the upper limbs (2). HGS is considered an essential marker of an individual's physical strength throughout life, especially of the upper limb and fine motor functions (3).
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 2010
Fetal development may permanently affect muscle function. Indian newborns have a low mean birthweight, predominantly due to low lean tissue and muscle mass. We aimed to examine the relationship of birthweight, and arm muscle area (AMA) at birth and post-natal growth to handgrip strength in Indian children. Grip strength was measured in 574 children aged 9 years, who had detailed anthropometry at birth and every 6-12 months post-natally. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) birthweight was 2863 (446) g. At 9 years, the children were short (mean height SD −0.6) and light (mean weight SD −1.1) compared with the World Health Organization growth reference. Mean (SD) grip strength was 12.7 (2.2) kg (boys) and 11.0 (2.0) kg (girls). Weight, length and AMA at birth, but not skinfold measurements at birth, were positively related to 9-year grip strength (β=0.40 kg per standard deviation increase in birthweight, p<0.001; and β=0.41 kg per standard deviation increase in AMA, p<0.001). Grip strength was positively related to 9-year height, body mass index and AMA and to gains in these measurements from birth to 2 years, 2-5 years and 5-9 years (p<0.001 for all). The associations between birth size and grip strength were attenuated but remained statistically significant for AMA after adjusting for 9-year size. We conclude that larger overall size and muscle mass at birth are associated with greater muscle strength in childhood, and that this is mediated mainly through greater post-natal size. Poorer muscle development in utero is associated with reduced childhood muscle strength.
Human Movement, 2017
Purpose. Handgrip strength and arm hang have been recognized as predictors of muscle strength and presented as biomarkers for important health outcomes and overall fitness of an individual. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between arm hang and handgrip strength with BMI and skinfold thickness.Method. The total of 769 children (391 boys and 378 girls) aged 9-15 years underwent a series of anthropometric and strength measurements with the use of standard procedures. Linear regression was applied to assess the relationship of arm hang and handgrip strengths with body mass index and skinfold thickness.Results. The prevalence of undernutrition and low strength measurements was high (1.7-85%) while the prevalence of overweight and obesity was low (1.5-4.2%) in the Ellisras children aged 9-15 years. Boys showed a significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean arm hang (9.6-13.1 kg) than girls (4.0-5.1 kg) aged 11-15 years. There was a significant (p < 0.05) association ...
European Journal of Pediatrics, 2010
The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether grip strength is related to total muscle strength in children, adolescents, and young adults. The second purpose was to provide reference charts for grip strength, which could be used in the clinical and research setting. This cross-sectional study was performed at primary and secondary schools and the University of Applied Sciences. Three hundred and eighty-four healthy Dutch children, adolescents, and young adults at the age of 8 to 20 years participated. Isometric muscle strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer of four muscle groups (shoulder abductors, grip strength, hip flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors). Total muscle strength was a summing up of shoulder abductors, hip flexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. All physical therapists participated in a reliability study. The study was started when intratester and intertester reliability was high (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.8). Grip strength was strongly correlated with total muscle strength, with correlation coefficients between 0.736 and 0.890 (p<0.01). However, the correlation was weaker when controlled for weight (0.485-0.564, p<0.01). Grip strength is related to total muscle strength. This indicates, in the clinical setting, that grip strength can be used as a tool to have a rapid indication of someone's general muscle strength. The developed reference charts are suitable for evaluating muscle strength in children, adolescents, and young adults in clinical and research settings.
BMC Research Notes, 2014
Background Little is known about the prevalence, predictors and gender differences in hand grip strength of older adults in Africa. This study aims to investigate social and health differences in hand grip strength among older adults in a national probability sample of older South Africans who participated in the Study of Global Ageing and Adults Health (SAGE wave 1) in 2008. Methods We conducted a national population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 3840 men and women aged 50 years or older in South Africa. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, health variables, and anthropometric measurements. Linear multivariate regression analysis was performed to assess the association of social factors, health variables and grip strength. Results The mean overall hand grip strength was 37.9 kgs for men (mean age 61.1 years, SD = 9.1) and 31.5 kgs for women (mean age 62.0 years, SD = 9.7). In multivariate analysis among men, greater height, not being underwei...