Total Packages of Work: Women Living in Atlantic Canada Compared to the Rest of Canada (original) (raw)
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Social Change and the Gendered Division of Household Labor in Canada
Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie
Housework is asymmetrically distributed by gender. This uneven allocation is an important indicator of inequality between women and men. The imbalance is closing, although exactly why remains uncertain. It is also unclear if the convergence has more to do with women's lives becoming more like men's, or whether it is because men are changing their practices on the home front. Using 30 years of nationally representative time use diary data, we explore three broad theoretical frameworks addressing social change-cultural, structural, and demographic-to examine how and why the gender dynamics around housework are shifting. We find that structural factors, and in particular women's engagement with paid work, have changed most sharply as drivers of greater symmetry in domestic labor, although changing cultural beliefs have contributed as well. Furthermore, there have been significant changes in men's behavior. One focal point for this domestic change is in men's and women's shifting practices around childcare. Intensive parenting, not just intensive mothering, has become more prevalent. Résumé Le travail ménager n'est pas distribué de manière uniforme entre les sexes. Cette inégalité des rôles est un important indicateur de celle qui existe entre les femmes et les hommes. Ce déséquilibre s'atténue, même si la raison exacte en demeure incertaine. On ignoreégalement si cette
Gender remains strongly associated with women’s and men’s patterns of unpaid work. The amount of time invested in unpaid work as opposed to paid work, the distribution of unpaid work time among specific tasks, and the patterns of care and responsibility are all determined to a large degree by one’s gender. Women continue to spend more time than men on housework, whether they are employed or not; they continue to do more of the work involved in caring for children and to take more responsibility for that work; and finally, women’s volunteer activities are more likely to be related to family than are men’s. There have been numerous attempts to explain the gendered patterns of time spent on housework and childcare and, although there is support for each of them, none can fully account for the gendered patterns of unpaid work time. The gender display approach offers some hope for better understanding the relationship between gender and unpaid work time, but efforts to evaluate its usefulness are necessarily indirect. That is, there is no simple way to determine the extent to which unpaid work time is an expression of gender; we can only determine whether a particular pattern is consistent with the gender display model. It remains clear that the nature of women’s and men’s participation in housework, childcare and volunteer work are different and that changes in women’s labor force participation are not sufficient to eliminate gender differences in unpaid work activities.
The Gender Division of Paid and Domestic Work: Some remarks in favour of a temporal perspective
Time & Society, 2010
What does a temporal perspective contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of the socially gendered division in our societies? What are the implications of the changes taking place in the sphere of paid work for domestic and gender relations? The links between the feminization of the working population and the evolution of the gender division of labour show how important it is to view social relations between the genders against the background of the wider dynamics of social differentiation and polarization. And the contemporary forms of temporal availability at work can be seen as obstacles on the way to an actual and progressive reduction in working time, as the French experience shows. KEY WORDS • gender division • social polarization • temporal availability • time-use surveys • working time
Book of Abstracts-Changing Contours of Women's Paid and Unpaid Work 28-7-2018.pdf
February 6, 2018 marked a century of women’s suffrage for which the first generation of women’s rights activists fought relentlessly making great personal sacrifices in the face of tremendous patriarchal resistance. Though the suffragist movement began with striving for adult franchise for women as a fundamental right as a citizen; it snowballed into struggle for rights of the women as paid and unpaid workers. During the last century, in spite of sustained collective actions in several parts of the North and the South, discrimination against women in the world of work still persists due to caste/race/ethnicity/sexuality/gender based segmentation in the labour market and non-recognition of unpaid care economy.
Gender differences in domestic unpaid work within the home
2010
3 INTRODUCTION 3 – 4 Gender Roles in the Labour Market 5 – 7 The Second Shift 8 – 9 Can economic policies help improve the issue of gender 9 12 inequality in the home? Cultural Values and their role in Gender Inequality in the 12 15 division of unpaid labour. Hypothesis 16 METHOD 16 Design 16 Participants 16 – 17 Measures 17 – 19 Procedure 19 20
The Invisibility of Women’s Unpaid Work in Gender Policies
Policy Perspectives, 2021
Despite significant improvements in gender equality over the last few decades, the gender pay gap persists. The unequal distribution of unpaid care work is one factor that explains the wage difference between men and women. On average, women spend disproportionally more time on unpaid care work and domestic chores than men, and they are more likely to work part-time, reduce working hours, or turn down promotions due to family responsibilities. This behavior creates a work-experience gap between men and women. Considering that years of work experience may determine wages, this article analyzes the work-experience gap as an underlying cause of the gender pay gap and advocates for family-friendly policies that promote affordable access to child care, paid family leave, and flexible, but predictable, paid work schedules.
We use recent time budget data for the U.S. and Australia to examine the gender gap in unpaid work, paid work, and total work time. We examine whether total work time and the gender gap varies by couples' employment and parental status in these two nations. We use three alternative measures of unpaid work, which differ in whether unpaid work reported as a secondary rather than primary activity is included, and whether all time spent with children is counted as unpaid work. We find that American women work 5-7 hours more per week than men. The gender gap increases when women are employed (especially in the U.S.) and when young children are present (in Australia). We find that U.S. women and men are less gender-specialized than Australian women and men. Nonetheless, the greater gender gap in total work in the U.S. appears to result from the lower likelihood that U.S. women reduce market work in the face of lack of responsiveness of men's household work to women's employment.