Advances in Polymer Science (original) (raw)
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Applications of Chitosan in Dental Implantology -A Literature Review
SciDoc Publishers, 2021
Dental implants are commonly resorted treatment options for prosthetic rehabilitation of the missing tooth albeit being successful, the titanium implant surface exhibits poor bioactivity and antimicrobial properties, which could lead to primary and secondary early, implant failure. The unique properties of chitosan, a natural bioactive material, could be used as a coating for stabilization of the implant and the integration at the bone–biomaterial interface. It has received significant attention in the medical/dental field to explore its potential to enhance osseointegration function and clinical performance of the implant. This review aims to shed light on chitosan and their performance as a bioactive coating on implant surfaces.
Clinical treatment of orthopaedic tissue injuries often involves the use of titanium and titanium alloys with considerable research focusing on the surface modification of these materials. Chitosan, the partly deacetylated form of chitin, is one of the materials under investigation as surface coating for orthopaedic implants in order to improve osteointegration and cellular attachment. In this study, we determined the effects of the degree of deacetylation (DD) of chitosan membranes on attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts. Chitosan membranes were coated with fibronectin to promote biocompatibility and cellular attachment. Membranes were characterized in terms of wettability and surface topography using water contact angle measurements and atomic force micros-copy. The results in this study indicate that the surface roughness and fibronectin adsorption increase with increased DD. A higher DD also facilitates attachment and proliferation of cells, but no induction of spontaneous osteogenic differentiation was observed. Lower DD chitosan membranes were successfully prepared to sustain attachment and were modified by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde to promote longterm studies. The chitosan membranes used in this study are suitable as a potential coating for titanium implants. V C 2012
Biomolecules
Chitosan is a biopolymer that is found in nature and is produced from chitin deacetylation. Chitosan has been studied thoroughly for multiple applications with an interdisciplinary approach. Antifungal antibacterial activities, mucoadhesion, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility are some of the unique characteristics of chitosan-based biomaterials. Moreover, chitosan is the only widely-used natural polysaccharide, and it is possible to chemically modify it for different applications and functions. In various fields, chitosan composite and compound manufacturing has acquired much interest in developing several promising products. Chitosan and its derivatives have gained attention universally in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries as a result of their desired characteristics. In the present mini-review, novel methods for preparing chitosan-containing materials for dental and implant engineering applications along with challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
The Osteogenetic Potential of Chitosan Coated Implant: An In Vitro Study
Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
Objective: Chitosan is a promising polymer that has been used for coating dental implants. However, research concerning coatings with implant surfaces other than commercially pure titanium is limited. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the chitosan material's effect with two degrees of deacetylation (DDA) as coatings for laser surface microtopographic implants. Methods: Sixty-three Laser-Lok (LL) implant discs were divided into three groups (21 in each group), and two groups were coated with either 80 or 95 DDA chitosan. The groups were categorized as LL 95, LL 80, or LL control. Then, hMSC-TERT 20 cells were used to evaluate the cell morphology, viability, and osteogenic capacity of the chitosan material 7 and 14 days after culture. Two-way ANOVA followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used. Results: All samples were biocompatible and allowed cell attachment. However, cell spreading and attachment were noticeably increased in the LL 95 group. There was a significant increase in the expression of osteogenic markers in chitosan-coated samples compared to the control group. The 95 DDA-coated group exhibited higher ALP, Runx2, osteocalcin, and osteonectin expression compared to the 80 DDA and control groups on days 7 and 14. Conclusion: A high DDA of chitosan promotes biomineralization and osteoblast formation. Therefore, this combination of laser surface and chitosan can enhance future dental implant healing processes and osseointegration. Given the promising results of chitosan for engineering and implant applications [13] , its performance and capabilities need to be further developed for bone. There is a gap concerning the actions of chitosan with different degrees of deacetylation (DDA), which can react with different implant surfaces. Previous studies have generally been centered on the use of commercially pure titanium. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effects of chitosan with two degrees of deacetylation (DDA) as a coating for laser ablation implant surfaces. Materials and Methods Research Design The study used a randomized controlled trial design to examine the effects of chitosan with two degrees of deacetylation (DDA) as a coating for the Laser-Lok surface. Materials Chitosan powders with 80 and 95 DDA (200 kDa molecular mass and 500 mPa•s viscosity) were used (Heppe Medical Chitosan, Germany). The study utilized 63 Laser-lock (LL) discs (BioHorizon Company, USA) with a diameter of 10 mm. The discs were divided into three groups of 21 discs for each (LL 95, LL 80, and LL control). Chitosan Bound to the Implant Disc A chemical salinization reaction according to the Bumgardiner methodology with some modifications was used for coating the discs with chitosan [17]. The disc was suspended in a stirred 5:95
Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery and tissue engineering
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2017
Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharide found on earth. The deacetylated form of chitin viz. chitosan has been reported for its various important pharmacological properties and its role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is also well documented. Chitosan based bone graft substitutes are biocompatible, biodegradable, osteoconductive, osteoinductive and structurally similar to bone, with excellent mechanical strength and cost effectiveness. Chitosan based hydrogels and wound healing bandages have also found a great market in the field of medicine. More recently, chitosan has gained popularity for its use as a matrix molecule for drug delivery and also finds an upcoming utility in the area of dentistry. The present article has tried to review the latest research on chitosan based tissue engineering constructs, drug delivery vehicles as well as dental care products. An attempt has also been made to discuss the various modifications of 2 chitosan that enhance its use for a given set of applications which would pave a way for future applied research in the field of biomedical innovation and regenerative medicine.
Chitosan-oxychitin coatings for prosthetic materials
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2001
Plates of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were plasma-sprayed with hydroxyapatite and with bioactive glass. Chitosan acetate solution was then used to deposit a chitosan ®lm upon the plasma-sprayed layers, which was further reacted with 6-oxychitin to form a polyelectrolyte complex. The latter was optionally contacted with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide at 48C for 2 h to form amide bonds between the two polysaccharides. Uniform¯at surfaces exempt from fractures were observed with an electron microscope. The chitosan ®lm was also submitted to acetylation with acetic anhydride in methanol to obtain a chitin ®lm. In all cases the modi®ed chitosan ®lms were insoluble. The results are useful for the preparation of prosthetic articles possessing an external organic coating capable to promote colonization by cells, osteogenesis and osteointegration. q
Chitosan coating as an antibacterial surface for biomedical applications
PloS one, 2017
A current public health issue is preventing post-surgical complications by designing antibacterial implants. To achieve this goal, in this study we evaluated the antibacterial activity of an animal-free chitosan grafted onto a titanium alloy. Animal-free chitosan binding on the substrate was performed by covalent link via a two-step process using TriEthoxySilylPropyl Succinic Anhydride (TESPSA) as the coupling agent. All grafting steps were studied and validated by means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analyses and Dynamic-mode Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (DSIMS). The antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains of the developed coating was assessed using the number of colony forming units (CFU). XPS showed a significant increase in the C and N atomic percentages assigned to the presence of chitosan. A thick layer of polymer deposit was detected by ToF-SIMS and the results o...
Acidic pH resistance of grafted chitosan on dental implant
Odontology, 2014
Nowadays, the challenge in the tissue engineering field consists in the development of biomaterials designed to regenerate ad integrum damaged tissues. Despite the current use of bioresorbable polyesters such as poly(l-lactide) (PLA), poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and poly-e-caprolactone in soft tissue regeneration researches, their hydrophobic properties negatively influence the cell adhesion. Here, to overcome it, we have developed a fibronectin (FN)-functionalized electrospun PLGA scaffold for periodontal ligament regeneration. Functionalization of electrospun PLGA scaffolds was performed by alkaline hydrolysis (0.1 or 0.01 M NaOH). Then, hydrolyzed scaffolds were coated by simple deposition of an FN layer (10 lg/mL). FN coating was evidenced by X-ray photoelectron analysis. A decrease of contact angle and greater cell adhesion to hydrolyzed, FN-coated PLGA scaffolds were noticed. Suitable degradation behavior without pH variations was observed for all samples up to 28 days. All treated materials presented strong shrinkage, fiber orientation loss, and collapsed fibers. However, functionalization process using 0.01 M NaOH concentration resulted in unchanged scaffold porosity, preserved chemical composition, and similar mechanical properties compared with untreated scaffolds. The proposed simplified method to functionalize electrospun PLGA fibers is an efficient route to make polyester scaffolds more biocompatible and shows potential for tissue engineering.