Essential Oils: Its Medicinal and Pharmacological Uses (original) (raw)
Advanced Journal of Graduate Research
This study presents a thorough review on different innovative extraction techniques of different plant essential oil derived from its peel, leaves, seeds and shrubs. The review also entails the different pre-treatment processes that affects the quality and recovery of the plant essential oil. Also, discussed the recently developed green extraction method such as Microwave Assisted Hydrodistillation (MAHD), Solvent Free Microwave Extraction (SFME), Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Ohmic Heated Assisted Hydrodistillation (OHAD). The impact of these extraction process on the important chemical composition of essential oil is further analyzed in this review. The important parameters in extraction is also studied such as the water to material ratio, extraction temperature, power input and extraction time. Based on the different articles reviewed, it signifies that the innovative extraction method improves the quality and quantity of the essen...
Innovative methods for extraction of essential oils from medicinal plants
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 2023
Essential oils are concentrated liquids of intricate combinations of volatile substances, extracted from various plant parts. Several bioactive substances with antibacterial and antioxidant activities are abundant in essential oils. Some essential oils have also been employed in medicine. Due to the risk associated with employing synthetic preservatives, the use of essential oils as natural additives for extending the shelf life of food products has also drawn considerable attention. They are used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries for their functional properties. There are various methods for extraction, but both the quality and the percentage yield of essential oil never remain the same. So, innovative and non-conventional techniques of essential oils extraction from medicinal plants were evoled to get quantitative and qualitative yield. In the present article, we searched and reviewed innovative techniques used for the extraction of essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants through electronic searches of PubMed, Medline, Wiley, Scopus, and Google Scholar. For the extraction of essential oils, several innovative/non-conventional techniques have been reported in literature. Extraction of essential oil by using innovative techniques retards the risk of losing the essential components of plants, maintains the quality, reduces chemical risk, extraction time, acts eco-friendly, and increases the percentage yield of the essential oils. This paper presents the success story of innovative extraction methods of essential oils in accordance with sustainable development and environmental protection.
Essential Oil: Production for Health Care in Current Scenario
Essential oils are complex mixtures of many natural components contains volatile aroma compounds extracts from fragrant plants. It can be extracted from different part of the plant, like leaves, grasses, flowers, wood and shrubs. The chemical properties of these aromatic substances may be due to different chemical compounds. These have medicinal, therapeutic and antimicrobial properties. Essential oil has been obtained from plant by the distillation technique at ancient time. But due to less amount of essential oil present in aromatic medicinal plant. Steam distillation, solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are used to extraction of essential oil for better oil recovery. Oil percent can be evaluated by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and molecular structures identified by gas liquid mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The qualities of essential oil depend on both the cultivation of the herbs and extraction process of oils from the plants. Natural compounds are source of safer or more effective substitutes for artificial pesticides and also provide an alternative way to prevent cure diseases. Large scale productions of aromatic plants are good source of earning of farmers. It can be play important role for the growth and economy of the country.
Techniques For Extraction of Essential Oils From Plants: A Review
2016
Background: Pure essential oils are derived from various part of the plants. These essential oils have a very high commercial value due to its properties. They are widely used in the various fields of industries, such as perfumery industries and pharmaceuticals. The essential oils for are primarily used in the perfumery industry and have a very high commercial value due to its therapeutic properties. Objective: study the techniques available to extract the essential oils from different plant and study the efficiency and the selectivity for this techniques. Results: The essential oils of the plant are composed of heat-sensitive chemical compounds, the use of steam distillation and Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques would inevitably inflict thermal degradation to the natural fragrance. In this experimental work, solvent extraction method was employed due to its mild extracting condition and lower operating cost. Ethanol was used as the solvent due to its high availability ...
Essential Oils, Components and Their Applications: A Review
Plant Archives, 2021
Essential oils are complex volatile compounds and their bioactivities have been known and utilized since ancient times in food preservation, perfumery, flavouring and medicine. Essential oils are acceptable because of their unique antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties. This review paper focuses on essential oils, its components, extraction methods and their applications. The advances and other applications of essential oils in food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries and the biological effects of essential oils are also conferred.
Essential Oils: Brief Background and Uses
2018
Essential Oils Definition and concept Essential oils are highly volatile, aromatic yields obtained from plants. Due to their volatility, they can easily be extracted by the method of steam distillation from different natural sources [1]. The oil secreting glands are located in fruits, flowers, seeds, wood, leaves, roots, barks and sometimes present throughout the body of the plant. The essential oils are named after their mother plant from where they are isolated and the odor also resembles the organ of the plant from where they are extracted. The aroma of these volatile yields is generally more concentrated in the essential oils. Different authors have defined essential oils, but a precise one is proposed by Schilcher, Hegnauer, and Cohn Richter and further concluded by Sonwa [2]. "Essential is a biochemical product or a combination of similar products, which are generated in cytoplasmic fluid and are located in intercellular space in the form of minute droplets. They are highly odorous and volatile in nature." They can be comprised of combinations of aromatic compounds or combinations of aromatic and non-aromatic compounds where an aromatic compound is defined as a "compound which possess chemical purity, volatile in ambient environment and possess odor which can please the aesthetic sense of the society". A more specific definition is proposed by International Organization for standardization (ISO) which states "extract procured from raw material of natural origin i.e. plant by steam distillation, by processes that involve mechanical extraction from the epicarp of citrus fruits or by physical extraction such as dry distillation following elution of the aqueous phase and may also have post extraction physical analysis provided that no changes in its composition takes place [2,3]. As mentioned earlier, essential oils are multiplex, comprising of various components, mostly of liquid state but may also comprise of solid particles. At an ambient temperature, these yields may appear colorless to light yellow in color when obtained currently, aromatic and are readily absorbed through the skin epidermis. These essential oils are low density fractions except for cinnamon, Sassafras and clove oils which have high density than water but are soluble in solvents such as diethyl ether, ethanol and miscible in vegetable oils, waxes and fats. Physical attributes of essential oils include high rotary strength and refraction index. Historical context The essential oils have been used for centuries for different purposes and regarded with great intrigue, albeit many their uses have been lost with time, it is by and large acknowledged that people have been extracting them from fragrant plants since the very beginning of humankind. Their application for various purposes are gradually changed and not only used for culinary purposes to Essential Oils: Brief Background and Uses
AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY ON THE EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS USING ORGANIC SOLVENTS (2)
Essential oils are extremely valuable, with a vast growing market worldwide. The production and consumption of essential oils are increasing very fast. Their multiple uses make them gold for different types of industries; this makes the essential oil processing industry very important. The most common way for extracting the oil from plant materials is through distillation namely water distillation, water steam distillation and steam distillation. This process is favored because it produces pure oil. This process uses a lot of energy, water, and plant material but the output is relatively small. Although the selling of essential oils is profitable, the costs incurred during production are also high. This research investigates using solvent extraction as an alternative to steam extraction. Blue gum leaves were used as the plant material to extract eucalyptus oil from. Three solvents (petroleum ether, n-hexane and methanol) were investigated and the best solvent was used to investigate other operating parameters such as temperature, extraction time and plant material size. A soxhlet extractor was used for extraction and a rotary evaporator was used to remove the solvent from the extract. From the results obtained the highest yielding solvent was found to be Petroleum ether. The results also show that the temperature and particle size have a positive impact on the yield of extraction. These parameters were used to optimize the process. Although some parameters can be further investigated, solvent extraction of eucalyptus oil from blue gum leaves can be considered a viable method iv | P a g e
Studies on extraction of essential oils from spices (Cardamom and Cinnamon
International journal of chemical studies , 2018
This investigation aims to study physicochemical composition and Extraction technology of Essential oil from Cardamom and Cinnamon. Different physicochemical properties viz., moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates and ash were evaluated. The Extraction of Essential oil from Cardamom and Cinnamon was carried out by using two methods Viz., solvent extraction and steam distillation methods. It was observed that yield of cardamom essential oil by solvent extraction was high (7.3%) whereas cinnamon had (4.2%) whereas the extraction yield by steam distillation was 2.6% and 1.8% for cardamom and cinnamon respectively. It can be revealed that extraction of essential by solvent extraction method had high extraction yield compared to steam distillation method.
Emerging extraction processes of essential oils: A review
2018
The aim of this work is to study the extraction of the essential oil as a process that appeared to obtain the bioactive substances among the several extraction processes. A great number of extraction processes are available. In this study, the recent processes were compared with the conventional ones. Also, the economic evaluation of the extraction process plant including energy cost, manual labor, raw materials, and fixed costs were studied. We assessed the costs involved in the extraction process of the bioactive compounds. Carbon dioxide is the most desirable solvent for Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Its attraction for the extraction of the heat-sensitive compounds is due to its critical temperature (304 °K). Solvent extraction and steam distillation process (SE‒SD) may overcome many disadvantages that conventional solvent extraction and hydrodistillation bring about in the extraction of essential oil. This combination technology has been used in the extraction of essenti...
Essential Oil Extraction Process
Biochemistry, 2023
Essential oils can be extracted using various methods. Process choice significantly impacts yield and quality, leading to the development of processes aiming for maximum essential oil (EO) yields in a chemical state close to their native structure. In this chapter, various extraction techniques, including conventional ones and their intensification, are discussed along with their respective pros and cons. Additionally, new eco-friendly extraction methods have been introduced to enhance the conventional production of essential oils. The most traditional, straightforward, and widely utilized extraction techniques are hydrodistillation and steam extraction. In actuality, steam extraction techniques are used to extract 93% of all essential oils. Other common extraction techniques include enfleurage (particularly used with roses), cold pressing (just for citrus peel), and organic solvent extraction. The low yield, loss of volatile chemicals, lengthy extraction durations, and hazardous solvent residues of these procedures are its drawbacks. Microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are two of the latest essential oil extraction techniques that have received considerable interest.