Serenissima and Ashkenaz the Venetian Gh (original) (raw)
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El Prezente Journal for Sephardic Studies
This work is composed of two different sections that interconnect and illuminate the relationship between Jews, the Shabbatean 'believers' (henceforth 'Ma'aminim') and Muslims in Salonika and the Balkans during the 300-year period from the time of Shabbetai Sẹ vi's apostasy (1666) until the late Ottoman period in the context of the Shabbatean movement's memory and oblivion in the different realms of knowledge (society, art, language and faith) chronologically.1In this article, I will refresh and clarify two recurring concepts in the study of Shabbateanism - the Sazan and the snake - whose linguistic and symbolic origin have not been clarified until now.
Eastern European History Review, 2022
EASTERN EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW: LA RIVISTA Il Comitato redazionale e scienti co è lieto di presentare al pubblico la rivista scienti ca Eastern European History Review. Con un carattere internazionale e interdisciplinare, una cadenza annuale e una fruibilità open access la rivista focalizza i propri interessi sulle dinamiche occorse nell'Europa Orientale durante tutta l'età moderna (XIV-XIX). Eastern European History Review è espressione del Centro Studi dell'Università della Tuscia CESPoM (Centro Studi sull'età dei Sobieski e della Polonia Moderna) nato nel per intuizione del Prof. Gaetano Platania, Direttore Emerito della Rivista. L'iniziativa editoriale che presentiamo nasce dall'evidente mancanza in Italia di una rivista scienti ca relativa alla storia dell'Europa centro-orientale in Età Moderna, nonostante la penisola abbia giocato un ruolo fondamentale per la Storia e la Cultura di una parte integrante del continente, a torto considerata come lontana e periferica. Consapevoli di questo, il Comitato ha posto quale obiettivo primario della Eastern European History Review quello di off rire uno spazio di ri essione e di discussione su temi che appartengono alla storia dell'Europa centro-orientale, e insieme alle relazioni-politiche e culturali-che questa vasta area del Vecchio Continente ha avuto con l'occidente d'Europa, e l'Italia in particolare, incoraggiando il dialogo tra studiosi e esperti di settore, e tra diff erenti approcci della ricerca scienti ca. Il Comitato Redazionale e Scienti co EASTERN EUROPEAN HISTORY REVIEW: THE JOURNAL e Editorial and Scienti c Board are proud delighted to present the Eastern European History Review under the aegis of Sette Città Editore. e Eastern European History Review is an international and interdisciplinary annually online and open access peer-reviewed journal about studies on Ceantral and Eastern Europe in the Modern Age (XIV-XIX). e Journal is also the expression of the Study Center CESPoM (Centro Studi sull'età dei Sobieski e della Polonia Moderna-Center Study on the Age of Sobieski and Modern Poland) of the University of Tuscia, born in , from an idea of Prof. Gaetano Platania, today Director Emeritus of this journal. It publishes articles with signi cant approaches and original interpretations in all research elds concerning Central and Eastern Europe, with speci c attention to the History sciences. e editorial initiative we present comes from the obvious lack of a journal, in Italy, concerning the history of Central and Eastern Europe during the Modern Age, this despite its fundamental role in the history and culture of that part of the continent, wrongly considered distant and peripheral. Quite the contrary is true, in fact. Main objective of the journal is to create a space for re ection and discussion on topics pertaining to Central and Eastern Europe, but also relations with Continental Europe, encouraging dialogue between scholars and experts in the eld, and between diff erent approaches of scienti c research.
Venetians and Ottomans in the Early Modern Age
Hilâl, 2018
Qualunque parte di questa pubblicazione può essere riprodotta, memorizzata in un sistema di recupero dati o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo, elettronico o meccanico, senza autorizzazione, a condizione che se ne citi la fonte. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission provided that the source is fully credited.
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In 2009, Mario Liverani celebrated his 70th birthday and retired from teaching at the Sapienza in Rome, although his book Antico Oriente: Storia, società, economia remains in wide use and is still foundational for anyone studying the ancient Near East. The Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Archeologiche e Antropologiche dell’Antichità, where Mario Liverani was a leading specialist since the department’s inception, celebrated Liverani’s milestone birthday and retirement with a conference held in his honor, and this book publishes the papers that were read at the conference on April 20–21, 2009. The title chosen for the conference was “Not Only History/Non solo storia,” which alludes to Liverani’s multiple interests and forays into the field of the ancient Near East and Egypt. A select group of scholars and colleagues was chosen to represent Prof. Liverani’s fields of interests, because it was impossible to include all of the Italian and international colleagues who could have been invited. Even so, the list of eminent contributors in the fields of ancient Near Eastern history, art, linguistics, and archaeology is more than adequate to recommend acquisition of this fine collection: John Baines (Oxford), Dominique Charpin (Collège de France), Joaquín María Córdoba (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Jerrold Cooper (Johns Hopkins), Jean-Marie Durand (Collège de France), Peter Machinist (Harvard), David Mattingly (University of Leicester), Piotr Michalowski (University of Michigan), Nadav Na'aman (Tel Aviv University), Nicholas Postgate (Cambridge), Johannes Renger (Free University of Berlin), Marc Van de Mieroop (Columbia University), Irene Winters (Harvard), and Norman Yoffee (University of Michigan).
Sefarad and Ashkenaz: Three New Bibliographies
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A review essay based on these three books: Spanish and Portuguese Jewry: A Classified Bibliography, compiled by Robert Singerman (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993). xvi, 720 p. Index. (Bibliographies and Indexes in World History, no. 30.) ISBN 0-313-25752-3. Przewodnik po bibliografiach polskich Judaik6w = Guide to Bibliographies of Polish Judaica, edited by Krzystof Pilarczyk (Cracow: Jagiellonian University, Research Center of Jewish History and Culture in Poland, 1992). 222 p. Indexes. (Studia Polono-Judaica: Series Bibliographica, 1.) (Added t.p.: Madrikh le-bib/iyografiyot she/ ha-yudaikah ha-polanit.) ISBN 83°233-0488-2. • Bibliographies of Polish Judaica: International Symposium, Cracow, 5th-7th July 1988 (Proceedings), editor Katarzyna Muszyn'ska (Cracow: Jagiellonian University, Research Center of Jewish History and Culture in Poland, 1993). 231 p. (Studia PolonoJudaica: Series Librorum Congressus, 1.) (Added t.p.: Bibliyografiyot she/ yehude Polin: kenes benle'u...
Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi , 2022
Öz Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nin İstanbul'daki Dragomanları ve Dil Oğlanları Arasında Din Değiştirme (1596-1709) Din değiştirme hem Müslüman Osmanlı İmparatorluğu hem de Hristiyan Venedik Cumhuriyeti için dini bir olgu olmanın dışında sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik boyutu olan bir hadiseydi. Toplumsal açıdan bakıldığında mevcut toplumsal geleneklerden ve toplum ahlakını şekillendiren özgün kurallardan sapmak her iki devletin toplumu açısından kabul edilemez bir durumdu. Bununla beraber, toplumlar arasındaki hareketlilik ve yoğun etkileşim din değiştirme olgusunu olağan hale getirmişti. Siyasi açıdan bakıldığında, 16. yüzyılda Akdeniz kıyılarının nüfuz altına alınması konusunda yoğun rekabet yaşayan iki devlet, kendi tebaasının rakip devlete geçmesini siyasi nüfuz alanı bakımından sakıncalı ve tehlikeli bir durum olarak görmekteydi. Ekonomik açıdan bakıldığında birtakım şahsi menfaatler, Venedik tebaasının borçlarından kurtulma çabası, Osmanlı himayesinin cazibesi ve Osmanlı erkanı ve toplumuyla olan bağlar üzerine inşa edilen kariyer planının, Venedik Cumhuriyeti dragomanlarının din değiştirmelerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Din değiştirme hem Osmanlı hem de Venedik tarafında dinin ülküleri, ilkeleri ve kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Osmanlılar, Müslüman olmayan birini İslam'a davet etmeyi dini açıdan son derece hayırlı bir hadise olarak görmüşlerdir. Din değiştiren, onların tabiriyle ihtida eden kişi de yeni bir dine değil fıtratında olan asıl dine dönmüş addedilmiştir. Allah'ın birliğini ve Hz. Muhammed'in peygamberliğini kabul etmek, kelime-i şahadet getirmek ihtida için yeterliydi ve herhangi bir tören düzenlenmiyordu. Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nin dahil olduğu Katolik inancına göre ise Katolik olmak Tanrı'nın ihsanı ve merhameti sayesinde mümkündü. Katolik inancında din değiştirmenin sebebi ölüm korkusu, iç çatışma ve kişinin kendi nefsiyle mücadelesi şeklinde izah edilmekteydi. Katolik inancına göre kişiyi Hristiyanlığa döndüren Tanrı'nın ihsanı ve Hz. İsa'nın ruhani varlığıydı. Katolik olacak kişi aklın kılavuzluğunda hareket etmeli, inanma arzusu taşımalı ve kilisenin Tanrı kelamını öğrettiğine inandığını beyan etmeliydi. Bu üç şart tamamlandığında vaftiz töreni yapılıyordu. İncil’e el basarak Katolikliğe inandığını ve emirlere uyacağını ifade ediyordu. Bu makalede bütün bu sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik gerekçeler ve bunların devletler nezdindeki sonuçları, meydana gelen hadiseler ve bunlara konu olan dragomanlar üzerinden izah edilecektir. Bu da dragomanların hem spiritüel hem de maddi dünyaları hakkında kısmen de olsa bilgi edinmemize yardımcı olacaktır. Tarikat bazlı din değiştirmeler de daha ziyade Osmanlı Venedik toplumları ve yöneticileri üzerindeki etkisi ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkiye nasıl yön verdiği bakımından değerlendirilecektir. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken, en erken örnek hadise ile en son örnek hadisenin tarih aralığı olan 1596 ve 1709 seneleri esas alınacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Venedik Cumhuriyeti, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, dragoman, dil oğlanı, İstanbul, din değiştirme. Abstract Conversion was an event that had social, political and economic dimensions besides being a religious fact for both Muslim Ottoman Empire and Christian Venetian Republic. From a social point of view, the diversion from the existing traditions of society and the peculiar rules that shaped the social morality was an unacceptable situation for the societies of both states. However, the mobility and intense interactions between societies made the fact of conversion ordinary. From a political point of view, the two states that experienced an intense rivalry in putting the Mediterranean coasts under the influence considered the transfer of their own subjects to the side of the rival state as an unfavourable and risky situation for their spheres of influence. From an economic point of view, it can be seen that certain personal interests, the struggle of the Venetian subjects for releasing from their debts, the attraction of the Ottoman patronage, a plan of career which was founded on the basis of the bonds with the Ottoman ruling élite and society are effective over the conversion of the dragomans of the Venetian Republic. The conversion realized in the framework of religious ideas, principles, and rules on both the Ottoman and Venetian sides. The Ottomans saw the invitation of a non-Muslim person to Islam as a very propitious event from the aspect of religion. The convert person, the one who found the true path with their expression, was assumed to have returned not to a new religion but to the original one which was existent in his or her natality. The acception of the oneness of Almighty and the prophecy of the Prophet Mohammad and the reciting of the kalima shahadah were adequate for the conversion.and no ceremony was held. As for Catholicisim which included the Venetian Republic, being Catholic was possible through the divinal benevolence and mercy. In Catholicism, the reasons of conversion were expressed as a fear of death, an inner conflict, and a struggle with the person’s own will. According to Catholicism, the divinal benevolence of God and the spiritual entity of the Prophet Christ made human being come back to Christianity. The person who would convert to Catholicisim should have behaved under the guidance of his/her intellect. He/she should have carried the wish of faith inside him/her. He/she should have declared that he/she believed that the Catholic Church evangelised the word of God. When these three conditions were fulfilled, the ceremony of baptism woul be held. By swearing on the Bible he/she stated that he/she believed in Catholicism and would abide by the orders. In this article, all these social, political and economic reasons and their outcomes in the presence of the states will be explained through the events that happened and the dragomans who were mentioned. This will help us to have at least partial information about the spiritual and te material worlds of the dragomans. The sect-based conversions will be evaluated rather with their effects over the Ottoman and the Venetian rulers and societies and with the way that these conversions directed the relations between them. During this evaluation, the time period between 1596 and 1709 which are the dates of the earliest and the latest example cases, are taken as a basis.