Strategies for promoting healthier food choices (original) (raw)
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Addressing the challenges of overweight and obesity: strategies for promoting a healthier future
International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 2025
The prevalence of overweight and obesity among over 1 billion people worldwide constitutes a major public health concern. There is an increased risk for the onset of noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer, while productivity and life quality are diminished. The social, environmental, and behavioral influences on obesity and overweight can be mitigated through targeted interventions, as these conditions are largely avoidable. This study explores the latest findings on the causes, consequences, and remedies for overweight and obesity, with a global perspective. Additionally, it outlines several effective measures and strategies that have been put into place or are being considered in various contexts, including financial constraints, marketing limits, primary healthcare options, and school-based initiatives. To change the obesity epidemic and promote healthy eating and active living for everyone, the research calls for immediate action and a useful strategy that promotes healthy eating and diet, increased physical exercise, and modifications to environmental elements.
Preventing obesity: What should we eat? - eScholarship
2007
To curb the escalating rates of obesity in California and across the nation, it is imperative to identify dietary behaviors that prevent excessive weight gain. Reports in the press are often conflicting and more often confuse than clarify the issue of what people should eat to prevent obesity. We recently conducted a comprehensive review of the literature published between 1992 and 2003 on the dietary determinants of obesity in children and adults. We examined secular trend data, mechanistic research, observational studies and prevention trials. We found that the dietary factors related to increased obesity were high intakes of dietary fat, sweetened beverages and restaurant-prepared foods, and the increased likelihood of skipping breakfast. Factors most likely to protect against obesity were the higher consumption of dietary fiber, fruits and vegetables, calcium and dairy products.
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2012
There is a pressing need to reduce both the prevalence and impact of obesity. This review begins with a discussion of the roles of treatment and prevention. Two overriding issues, weight bias and the addictive nature of food, are covered because of their importance not only to the individuals affected but also to public policy. We then cover promising policy areas in which changes can be implemented to support healthy behaviors: school policy, food marketing, food labeling and packaging, and taxes on unhealthy foods. The roles of the food industry and federal, state, and local governments are also discussed. 405 Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2012.8:405-430. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Yale University -SOCIAL SCIENCE LIBRARY on 09/10/12. For personal use only.
Obesity: Health and Food Policy Dilemma
2000
There are two streams in the literature on the economics of obesity. Short-run perspective is one related to the contemporary prevalence of obesity and its associated costs. Long-run perspective looks at the trends in human longevity, and relationship between physical characteristics of the population such as height, weight, or posture and their effect on health and longevity. Although both approaches rely on medical research and other scientific results as their basis, their findings are different. Short-run studies emphasize a strong link between obesity and deteriorating health of the American population and suggest immediate government intervention of various sorts. Long-run studies indicate how obesity and overweight may not be associated with many health problems that short-run studies suggest that they are. This scientific uncertainty leads to a difficult policy dilemma: is obesity a major health problem that demands government attention in terms of health and food policy intervention?
No nation today is immune from the obesity epidemic. Developing an action plan, a national strategy, policies and programs to manage the epidemic and prevent its progression is a major concern worldwide. While a number of World Health Organisation (WHO) reports published over the past few decades helped prompt member States to coordinate nutrition plans, the WHO's Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health released in 2004 strengthens government action on obesity. Governmental action on obesity and/or its main determinants, nutrition and exercise is very broad in scope, has several targets for action, involves many actors and is outlined in large reports.
The Contribution of Expanding Portion Sizes to the US Obesity Epidemic
American Journal of Public Health, 2002
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Objectives. Because larger food portions could be contributing to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, this study was designed to weigh samples of marketplace foods, identify historical changes in the sizes of those foods, and compare current portions with federal standards. Methods. We obtained information about current portions from manufacturers or from direct weighing; we obtained information about past portions from manufacturers or contemporary publications. Results. Marketplace food portions have increased in size and now exceed federal standards. Portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, rose sharply in the 1980s, and have continued in parallel with increasing body weights. Conclusions. Because energy content increases with portion size, educational and other public health efforts to address obesity should focus on the need for people to consume smaller portions.
Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking
Lancet, 2015
Despite isolated areas of improvement, no country to date has reversed its obesity epidemic. Governments, together with a broad range of stakeholders, need to act urgently to decrease the prevalence of obesity. In this Series paper, we review several regulatory and non-regulatory actions taken around the world to address obesity and discuss some of the reasons for the scarce and fitful progress. Additionally, we preview the papers in this Lancet Series, which each identify high-priority actions on key obesity issues and challenge some of the entrenched dichotomies that dominate the thinking about obesity and its solutions. Although obesity is acknowledged as a complex issue, many debates about its causes and solutions are centred around overly simple dichotomies that present seemingly competing perspectives. Examples of such dichotomies explored in this Series include personal versus collective responsibilities for actions, supply versus demand-type explanations for consumption of u...
Physician's Advice Affects Adoption of Desirable Dietary Behaviors
Review of Agricultural Economics, 2007
Due to the prevalence of and economic costs associated with poor dietary behaviors, the purpose of our research is to investigate the relationship between receipt of physician's dietary advice and the individual's tendency to adopt the desirable dietary behavior. Using a trivariate probit model, we find that physician's advice has dramatic positive effects on the probability of both eating fewer high fat and high cholesterol foods and on eating more fruits and vegetables to reduce risk of developing heart disease or stroke. A merican's poor eating habits are one of the major public policy issues of our time. Scientific evidence increasingly suggests the importance of diet in the onset of chronic diseases. As Kim, Nayga, and Capps discuss, four of the top ten causes of death in the United States-heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetesare associated with poor diets. Together, these diseases account for about twothirds of all U.S. deaths and about 700billionindirectandindirectcostsannually(Eyreetal.).U.S.healthexpendituresgrew7.7700 billion in direct and indirect costs annually (Eyre et al.). U.S. health expenditures grew 7.7% in 2003 to 700billionindirectandindirectcostsannually(Eyreetal.).U.S.healthexpendituresgrew7.71.7 trillion, which accounts for 15.3% of GDP, outpacing growth in the overall economy by nearly 3% points (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). U.S. obesity-attributable medical expenditures alone reached $75 billion in 2003 (Loureiro and Nayga 2005). Diets high in fat and cholesterol and low in fruits and vegetables have been found to be associated with increased incidence of coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, and stroke. For example, in the early 1900s, coronary heart disease was a comparatively rare illness. The rise of coronary heart disease in the United States (and other Western countries) paralleled the changes in the U.S. dietary habits. As the consumption of animal fat and cholesterol began to rise during the last century, so did the incidence of coronary heart disease (Ornish).
Preventing chronic disease, 2015
Improvements in diet can prevent obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although policy changes provide a foundation for improvement at the population level, evidence for the effectiveness of such changes is slim. This study summarizes the literature on recent efforts in the United States to change food-related policies to prevent obesity and diabetes among adults. We conducted a systematic review of evidence of the impact of food policies. Websites of government, academic, and nonprofit organizations were scanned to generate a typology of food-related policies, which we classified into 18 categories. A key-word search and a search of policy reports identified empirical evaluation studies of these categories. Analyses were limited to strategies with 10 or more reports. Of 422 articles identified, 94 met these criteria. Using publication date, study design, study quality, and dietary outcomes assessed, we evaluated the strength of evidence for each strategy in 3 assessment categories: time per...
Obesity and Nutrition Epidemiology: A Study of Cause and Effect
World Journal of Nutrition and Health, 2017
Obesity has become a matter of quality to health care administrators. Today there are more obese people in the U.S. than ever before. A diet high in fat combined with a sedentary lifestyle has led many Americans to increase their weight to shocking proportions. The Centers for Disease Control report that 34.2% of Americans over 20 are overweight, 33.8% are obese, and 5.7% are extremely obese. Administrators and health care leaders need to care about these numbers as health care dollars spent on treating the complications associated with obesity rise every year and contribute to lost dollars in terms of repeated admissions for complications associated with obesity. The National Guideline Clearinghouse has developed performance indicators for obesity education upon discharge from inpatient settings. By coming up with innovative strategies for combatting obesity, administrators can contribute to the decrease of a worldwide epidemic.
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Has ICT Polarized Skill Demand? Evidence from Eleven Countries over Twenty-Five Years
Review of Economics and Statistics, 2014
OECD labor markets have become more "polarized" with employment in the middle of the skill distribution falling relative to the top and (in recent years) also the bottom of the skill distribution. We test the hypothesis of Autor, that this is partly due to information and communication technologies (ICT) complementing the analytical tasks primarily performed by highly educated workers and substituting for routine tasks generally performed by middle educated workers (with little effect on low educated workers performing manual non-routine tasks). Using industry level data on the US, Japan, and nine European countries 1980-2004 we find evidence consistent with ICT-based polarization. Industries with faster growth of ICT had greater increases in relative demand for high educated workers and bigger falls in relative demand for middle educated workers. Trade openness is also associated with polarization, but this is not robust to controls for technology (like R&D). Technologies can account for up to a quarter of the growth in demand for the college educated in the quarter century since 1980.
Immigration and Wages: Evidence from Construction *
The Economic Journal, 2012
To identify relative wage impacts of immigration, we make use of certification and licensing requirements in the Norwegian construction sector that give rise to exogenous variation in immigrant employment shares across trades. Individual panel data reveal substantially lower wage growth for workers in trades with rising immigrant employment than for other workers. Selective attrition from the sector masks the causal wage impact unless accounted for by individual fixed effects. For low and semi-skilled workers, effects of new immigration are comparable for natives and older immigrant cohorts, consistent with perfect substitutability between native and immigrant labor within trade. Finally, we present evidence that immigration reduces price inflation, as price increases over the sample period were significantly lower in activities with growth in the immigrant share than in activities with no or small change in immigrant employment. *We gratefully acknowledge the helpful discussions with and comments of
CONTESTING THE RACIAL DIVISION OF LABOR FROM BELOW
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 2012
Popular discourse and academic scholarship both accent divisions between African American and immigrant workers. These debates most often focus on the question of job competition, positioning African Americans and immigrant workers as a priori adversaries in the labor market. We take a different tack. Drawing upon a case study of hotel workers in Chicago, we identify ways in which workers themselves challenge and bridge these divisions. Specifically, we reveal how union organizing activities, such as diverse committee representation and inclusion of diversity language in contracts, counter notions of intergroup competition in an effort to build common cause that affirms rather than denies differences. We argue that these activities represent political efforts on the part of workers to contest and even reshape the racial and ethnic division of labor, thereby revealing competition as a socially contingent and politically mediated process.
Inclusive and Exclusive Social Preferences: A Deweyan Framework to Explain Governance Heterogeneity
Journal of Business Ethics, 2013
This paper wishes to problematize the foundations of production governance and offer an analytical perspective on the interrelation between agents' preferences, strategic choice and the public sphere (defined by impacts of choices on "publics" who do not have an input in strategic choice, and by contextual conditions). The value is in the idea of preferences being social in nature and in the application both to the internal stakeholders of the organisation and its impacts on people outside. Using the concept of "strategic failure" we suggest that social preferences reflected in deliberative social praxis can reduce false beliefs and increase individual wellbeing. From this approach, the paper offers a taxonomy of production organizations, based on social preferences about two variables: (i) the governance form (i.e. ownership and control rights) (ii) other strategic decisions that characterize the management of a company at a more operational level, once its fundamental legal form has been chosen. Each dimension (governance and strategic decisions processes) is then categorised alongside two basic preferences: towards inclusion or exclusion of "publics" that have no substantial access to decision power about these variables. Our framework explains governance heterogeneity by contrasting exclusive and inclusive social preferences in cooperatives, social enterprises, as well as traditional corporations. A discussion of the evolution of social preferences and organizational forms is addressed through examples and regional experiences.
The Economic Journal
Explaining the Unexplained: Residual Wage Inequality, Manufacturing Decline, and Low-Skilled Immigration * This paper investigates whether the increasing "residual wage inequality" trend is related to manufacturing decline and the influx of low-skilled immigrants. There is a vast literature arguing that technological change, international trade, and institutional factors have played a significant role in the inequality trend. However, most of the trend is unexplained by observable factors. This paper attempts to "explain" the growth in the unexplained variance of wages by exploiting variation across locations (states or cities) in the United States in the local level of "residual inequality." The evidence shows that a shrinking manufacturing sector increases inequality. In addition, an influx of low-skilled immigrants increases inequality, but this effect is concentrated in areas with a steeper manufacturing decline. Similar results are found for two alternative measures linked to increasing inequality: the increasing return to education and the decline in the employment rate of non-college men. The overall evidence suggests that the manufacturing and immigration trends have hollowed-out the overall demand for middle-skilled workers in all sectors, while increasing the supply of workers in lower skilled jobs. Both phenomena are producing downward pressure on the relative wages of workers at the low end of the income distribution.
Migration: A theoretical comparison on countries’ welfare
International Journal of Economic Theory
for very useful discussions. S. Zanaj worked on this project during her stay at Sophia University in Tokyo, to whose colleagues she expresses gratitude for hospitality. The usual disclaimer applies.
Development accounting using PIAAC data
SERIEs
We carry out a classical development accounting exercise using data from the "Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies" (PIAAC). PIAAC data, available for 30 upper-middle and high-income countries and nationally representative for the working-age population, allow us to construct a multidimensional measure for the stock of human capital in each country, taking into account years of schooling, job experience, cognitive skills, on-the-job-training, and health. Individual level PIAAC data for the US are then used to estimate the weight of each dimension in the human capital composite by running Mincerian wage regressions. We find that differences in physical capital together with our broad measure of human capital account for 42% of the variance in output per worker, compared to only 27% when proxying human capital by average years of schooling only. Differences in cognitive skills play the largest role while experience and health are of lesser importance. Financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through Grant ECO2013-44920-P is gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to thank an anonymous referee for his or her insightful comments.
Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015
Journal of Economic Growth
We construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.
Free labor mobility and indeterminacy in models of neoclassical growth
Journal of Economics
This paper establishes the conditions under which indeterminacy can occur in a Neoclassical growth model with international labor mobility. In the model, workers are supposed to move freely across countries without restrictions, and according to a Harris–Todaro mechanism that makes migration flows sensitive to differences among labor markets conditions. The paper shows that indeterminacy requires the marginal returns to immigrant labor to be diminishing, and no need for productivity externalities at a social level. It also shows that immigration quotas can serve it well to eliminate indeterminacy and stabilize final output.
The Spatial Dimension of Income Inequality: An Analysis at Municipal Level
Sustainability
This paper focuses on the analysis on income inequality in Italy at the municipal level of the areas defined by the National Strategy for Inner Areas. We discuss an analysis of the economic and spatial dynamics of the phenomenon through the construction of the Gini’s coefficient and the estimation of the regression model for the evaluation of the determinants of inequality. We highlight the influence of the spatial dimension on income inequality in Italy. Inequality appears to be greater in densely populated urban centers with a strong incidence of tertiary activities and young population. Conversely, in the inner areas, the distribution of income is more balanced due probably to the weakness of the social and economic structure that determines low levels of income and job opportunities mainly in the agricultural sector.
Demography, 2017
We study the economic assimilation of childhood immigrants to the United States. The linguistic distance between English and the predominant language in one’s country of birth interacted with age at arrival is shown to be closely connected to occupational sorting in adulthood. By applying big-data techniques to occupations’ detailed skill requirements, we provide evidence that childhood immigrants from English-distant countries who arrived after the primary school years reveal comparative advantages in tasks distinct from those for which (close to) Anglophone immigrants are better suited. Meanwhile, those who arrive at younger ages specialize in a bundle of skills very similar to that supplied by observationally equivalent workers. These patterns emerge even after we net out the effects of formal education. Such findings are compatible with the existence of different degrees of complementarity between relative English-learning potential at arrival and the acquisition of multiple cap...
Internal Migration and Labor Market Outcomes in Indonesia
Economic Development and Cultural Change
We study the labor market effects of domestic migration in Indonesia on the employment outcomes of the natives and the migrants. To address the endogeneity of migrants' settlement decisions, we use the information on the historical migration patterns from the Indonesian censuses to construct an internal migration version of the Bartik shift-share instrument. The instrument, used widely in the study of international migration, is based on the observation that even within countries, migrants tend to move to regions with a large migrant population from their region of origin. However, if the migration patterns are unchanged over time, past migration may affect current labor market outcomes directly, violating the exclusion restriction. To overcome this, we use a multi-instrument approach that lets us account for the long-term effects of migration separately. We find that internal migration is associated with an increase in migrant employment and a decrease in native employment. Less-educated natives in loweducation regencies are most-affected. The findings suggest that policies aiming to minimize the adverse effects of internal migration should aim at improving the human capital of natives.
Skilled Immigration, Innovation, and the Wages of Native-Born Americans
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 2017
The paper examines the effects of skilled immigration on wages that can be credited to immigrants' contribution to innovation. Using both individual and statelevel datasets from the United States, we find a significant and positive effect of immigration on wages that is attributable to skilled immigrants' contribution to innovation. Our results confirm previous findings that immigrants contribute substantially to the host economy's innovation, which is a major driver of technological progress and productivity growth. When we augment the analysis to an immigration-innovation-wages nexus, the results suggest that as the share of skilled immigrants in a particular skill group increases, the wages of both natives and immigrants in that group also get a positive boost. We also identify evidence in favor of a positive spillover effect of skilled immigrants on a state's wage level of all workers, including those who do not directly contribute to innovation.
Is It Merely a Labor Supply Shock? Impacts of Syrian Migrants on Local Economies in Turkey
ILR Review, 2021
The authors use the occurrence of a large and geographically varying inflow of more than 2.5 million Syrian migrants to Turkey between 2012 and 2015 to study the effect of migration on local economies. They do not find adverse employment or wage effects for native-born Turkish workers overall or for those without a high school degree. These results are robust to a range of strategies to construct reliable control groups. To explain the findings, the authors document the importance of three migration-induced demand channels: the complementarity between native and migrant labor, housing demand, and increased entrepreneurial activities.
Efficiency Gains from Liberalizing Labor Mobility
The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2014
This paper quantifies the effect of a complete liberalization of international migration on the world GDP and its distribution across regions. We build a general equilibrium model endogenizing bilateral migration and wage disparities between and within countries. A dual strategy is developed to identify total migration costs and their legal component. Contrary to existing studies, we obtain limited efficiency gains. Accounting for incompressible moving costs strongly reduces the benefits from liberalization. When we account for endogenous productivity, congestion, heterogeneous education quality, imperfect substitution between migrants and natives, and network effects, efficiency gains reach about 4 percent of the world GDP.
Global migration in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: the unstoppable force of demography
Review of World Economics, 2021
This paper sheds light on the global migration patterns of the past 40 years, and produces migration projections for the 21st century. To do this, we build a simple model of the world economy, and we parameterize it to match the economic and sociodemographic characteristics of the world in the year 2010. We conduct backcasting and nowcasting exercises, which demonstrate that our model fits very well the past and ongoing trends in international migration, and that historical trends were mostly governed by demographic changes. Then, we describe a set of migration projections for the 21st century. In line with the backcasts, our world migration prospects are mainly governed by socio-demographic changes. Using immigration restrictions or development policies to curb these pressures requires sealing borders or triggering unprecedented economic takeoffs in migrants' countries of origin. Increasing migration is thus a likely phenomenon for the 21st century.
Review of International Economics, 2013
Using 1990, 2000 censuses and a 2010 survey, I examine the economic performance of ethnically Chinese immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan (CHT) in the U.S. labor market. Since 1990, relative wages of CHT migrants have been escalating in contrast to other immigrants. I show these widening gaps are largely explained by individual's endowments, mostly education. Rising U.S.-earned degrees by CHT migrants can account for this relatively successful economic assimilation. Cohort analysis shows that the economic performance of CHT migrants admitted to the U.S. has been improving, even allowing for the effect of aging.
The Economics of U.S. Immigration Policy
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2012
The economic gains from immigration are much like those from international trade: The economy benefits overall from immigration, but there are distributional effects that create both winners and losers. Immigration is different from trade, however, in that the physical presence of the people who provide the goods and services that drive the economic gains also raises other issues, such as whether immigrants are a fiscal drain. It may be no surprise then that Americans' views on immigration are mixed. Polls show that the majority of Americans think immigration is "a good thing" for the United States (Gallup, 2011). Nonetheless, most Americans want immigration to decrease or remain at its present level; less than 20 percent of Americans support an increase in immigration (Gallup, 2011). We discuss below potential reasons why Americans are concerned about immigration. Many of the concerns stem from the belief that immigration has adverse labor market and fiscal impacts, although the economic evidence on these issues is mixed. Public concerns about immigration, particularly unauthorized immigration, have led to a number of state-level immigration laws but little action at the federal level in recent years. As we argue below, the federal government's failure to enact a major change in immigration policy since the Immigration Act of 1990 has resulted in an increasingly strained, inefficient immigration system in dire need of overhaul. One clarification on terminology: We use the terms "immigrant" and "foreign-born" interchangeably throughout this article. FACTORS DRIVING PUBLIC CONCERNS OVER IMMIGRATION Rightly or wrongly, immigrants have been a popular scapegoat for society's ills throughout history. Today, as in the past, some concerns are more justifiable than others. The public's main concerns center on the labor market and fiscal impacts of immigration. Public concerns over immigration are first and foremost driven by the increase in immigration in recent decades, particularly of unauthorized immigration. In a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the "second great migration," the foreignborn population increased from 9.6 million in 1970 to 40 million in 2010. As a share of the population, the foreign born rose from a historic low of 4.7 percent in 1970 to 12.9 percent in 2010. Unauthorized immigration has likely increased even faster than overall immigration. The undocumented population rose from a few hundred thousand, primarily agricultural workers, in the late 1960s to 2 to 4 million, mainly living in urban areas, in 1980 (Warren and Passel, 1987). The undocumented population rose further to 8.4 million in 2000 and 11.2 million in 2010 (Passel and Cohn, 2011). This increase occurred despite a large amnesty in 1986 that legalized nearly 3 million undocumented immigrants (Orrenius and Zavodny, 2003).
Contract employment as a worker discipline device
Journal of Development Economics, 2021
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Using a Smartphone Application to Promote Healthy Dietary Behaviours and Local Food Consumption
BioMed research international, 2015
Smartphone "apps" are a powerful tool for public health promotion, but unidimensional interventions have been ineffective at sustaining behavioural change. Various logistical issues exist in successful app development for health intervention programs and for sustaining behavioural change. This study reports on a smartphone application and messaging service, called "SmartAPPetite," which uses validated behaviour change techniques and a behavioural economic approach to "nudge" users into healthy dietary behaviours. To help gauge participation in and influence of the program, data were collected using an upfront food survey, message uptake tracking, experience sampling interviews, and a follow-up survey. Logistical and content-based issues in the deployment of the messaging service were subsequently addressed to strengthen the effectiveness of the app in changing dietary behaviours. Challenges included creating relevant food goal categories for participant...
Reflecting on populism and the economics of globalization
Journal of International Business Policy, 2018
In this commentary, we take up two key elements of Dani Rodrik's analysis of the economic underpinnings of populist politics. We focus on the links between globalization (especially trade integration) and populism and the role of global institutions (notably trade agreements) in both generating the economic pressures to which populist politicians are responding and in constraining the ability of governments to deal with adverse distributional effects of these pressures. We argue that it is important to distinguish between trade shocks and trade agreements; that the role of both is given too much weight relative to the effects of financialization and international capital flows, migration, and technological change; and that deepening international cooperation (global governance) can-and should-be part of the supply response to populism.
An introduction to the economics of immigration in OECD countries
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2020
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Impact of Internal Migration on Labor Market Outcomes of Native Males in Thailand
Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2017
1 See Lucas (1997) or Mendola (2012) for reviews of the literature on internal migration in developing countries or De Brauw, Mueller, and Lee (2014) for a review of the literature on urban-rural migration in sub-Saharan Africa. 2 We focus on males because employment rates are much higher than for females and because estimation for the latter is further complicated by needing to model the labor supply decision.
Documenting the unauthorized: Political responses to unauthorized immigration
Economics & Politics, 2017
Cultural prejudice rather than self interest is the conventional wisdom for why voters respond negatively to immigration. Using a new measure of unauthorized immigrants based on self‐reported invalid social security numbers, we show that voters’ responses are more nuanced than mere prejudice against minorities. Using county level data from the U.S. state of Georgia, we find that voters in counties with above median levels of unauthorized workers are more likely to support the Republican Party. We also find that wealthier counties and wealthier voters are most likely to respond negatively to the unauthorized. Our evidence warns against arguments that depict opposition to immigration as motivated solely by xenophobia and cultural fears among lower income Whites.
Uluslararasi Göç Ve Kalkinma: Teori̇ Ve Güncel Meseleler
Yildiz Social Science Review, 2021
Uluslararası göç ve kalkınma ilişkisinin ne tür çıkarımlar oluşturacağı uzun süredir akademisyenler ve politika uzmanları tarafından tartışılmaktadır. Ampirik ve kuramsal nitelikte olan çalışmalar genel itibariyle iyimser ve karamsar yaklaşımlar olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Özellikle 2030 BM Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinin 2015 yılında kabul edilmesiyle birlikte, uluslararası göçün etkin bir şekilde yönetebilmesi için kalkınma odaklı bir perspektif geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini savunan iyimser yaklaşımlar önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma öncelikle uluslararası göç ve kalkınma arasındaki ilişkinin bu tartışmalar çerçevesinde nasıl şekillendiğini teorik ve ampirik veriler ışığında incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Daha sonra uluslararası göç ve kalkınma ilişkisinin 2030 BM Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri, Küresel Göç ve Mülteci Mutabakatları gibi güncel uluslararası belgelerde nasıl ele alındığını değerlendirmektedir. The implications of international migration-development nexus hav...