Responses of Maximal Aerobic Power and Capacity to Aerobic Training (original) (raw)
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Maximal Aerobic Power in Endurance Trained and Sedentary Men and Women, 10 - 74 Years of Age
IEEE Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009
Malkinson, T.J. Maximal Aerobic Power in Endurance Trained and Sedentary Men and Women, 10 - 74 Years of Age. 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH). 18-21, 2009. Participation in endurance athletic activities such as running, swimming, and cycling is increasing by people of all ages. It is not unusual for very young and elderly male and female enthusiasts to train for and participate in, short and long distance endurance athletics. The primary purpose of this study was to examine changes in maximal aerobic power (VO2max) in aerobically trained and sedentary untrained men and women over the age range 10-74 yrs. This study is unique in that the data selected for analysis was randomly obtained from 39 years (1970-2009) of peer reviewed published research globally. The data set totaled 18,784 observations from 250 publications and is one of the largest data set of its type. Data was categorized into four sets: aerobically (endurance) trained men, aerobically (endurance) trained women, sedentary untrained men and sedentary untrained women. For each of the four sets, the published VO2max was grouped into five-year age periods and the mean VO2max calculated for each five-year age period over the age range 10-74 years. The information is important and unique as it provides a benchmark of VO2max data from a large global sample of endurance trained and untrained, men and women. This “living” large database may be queried for analysis providing data on for example; male and female age-related longitudinal changes in aerobic capacity over a lifespan, or differences in aerobic capacity between men and women. Importantly, it definitively proves the inappropriateness of combining male and female physiological data into one group for analysis; a practice which continues to be seen frequently seen in the scientific literature.
THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AEROBIC CAPACITY IN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED SUBJECTS
Aim: To evaluate aerobic capacity in trained and untrained subjects by measuring Vo 2 max. Methods and Materials: In the present study 40 healthy subjects were selected between the age group 20-30 years. One group is not having any regular specific physical exercise and the second group which includes subjects, who regularly do the cycling in gym since more than two years. Resting pulse rate was recorded with E.C.G. The subjects were asked to peddle the bicycle ergo metre first with a resistance of 2 kg for 5 minutes next with a resistance of 4 kg for 3 minutes there after resistance is increased by 0.5 kg for every 3 minutes until the subject is exhausted. Immediately after the exercise heart rate was recorded with E.C.G. Vo 2 max =55.23-(0.09xheart rate/min). Results: P-value of Vo 2 max is 0.005 which is highly significant. Conclusion: The Vo 2 max is higher in trained subjects than in untrained subjects. This is due to cardiac output and total skeletal muscle mass are more in trained subjects.
2020
BACKGROUNDAging is defined as the gradual biological impairment of normal function of the body and physiological changes in cell and structural component. These changes have a direct effect on functional ability of the organ. A sedentary lifestyle is defined as a type of lifestyle in which an individual does not receive regular amount of physical activity. According to WHO, 60-80% of the population worldwide does not engage in enough activity. Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. For prevention of age related issues and disease physical activity is recommended. Physical activity has positive effect on several outcome in elderly population. Aerobic (endurance) exercise program in healthy adult gross major effect of overall health and outcome including Cardio Vascular Improvement in physical function. OBJECTIVE-To evaluate the effectiveness of endurance training on vital parameters in adult population with sedentary lifestyle. METHODOLOGYTotal 15...
Aerobic and functional capacity in a group of healthy women: reference values and repeatability
Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 2004
Twenty-five randomly selected, low or moderately fit and healthy women (22-44 years) rated their perceived physical capacity and performed an incremental cycle exercise test with respiratory gas analysis. The aerobic and functional capacity did not decrease with age. However, s _ V O 2 increased with age. The mean value of the perceived physical capacity was 10 metabolic equivalents and that of _ V O 2max 2075 ml min)1. The increasing anaerobic metabolism was determined at three points DX (where the rate of _ V CO 2 increase just exceeds the rate of _ V O 2 increase), PX (where _ V CO 2 / _ V O 2 ¼ 1AE0) and PQ (where ventilation increase disproportionately in relation to _ V CO 2). The mean _ V O 2 (% of _ V O 2max) at DX, PX and PQ were 1263 (63%), 1528 (73%) and 1620 (78%) ml min)1 , respectively. The mean value of D _ V O 2 /DW was 10AE2 ml min)1 W)1 while that of s _ V O 2 was 0AE578 (age) + 15AE6. Ten women performed a test and re-test on two consecutive days, and eight of these performed another re-test 4 weeks later. The repeatability was analysed and the variations were expressed as 2 SD of the differences between the tests. The variation was greater for the 4-week re-test than the day-today re-test regarding _ V O 2max , _ V O 2 at DX, PX and PQ, D _ V O 2 /DW and HR. The variation in _ V O 2max , PX and D _ V O 2 / DW for the 4-week re-test was more than twice that of the previously reported 4-week variation for men. The considerable variation, especially for 4-week re-testing for women should be considered when evaluating the effects of exercise and rehabilitation.
Measuring and Evaluating Human Energy-Generating Capacities During Exercise
• Compare and contrast the concepts of measurement, evaluation, and prediction. • Explain specificity and generality applied to exercise performance and physiologic function. • Describe procedures to administer two practical "field tests" to evaluate power output capacity of the intramuscular high-energy phosphates (immediate energy system). • Describe a commonly used test to evaluate the power output capacity of glycolysis (short-term energy system). • Explain the differences between direct and indirect calorimetry. • Explain the differences between open-and closed-circuit spirometry. • Describe different measurement systems used in open-circuit spirometry. • Define the term respiratory quotient (RQ), including its use and importance. • Explain factors that influence RQ and respiratory exchange ratio. • Define maximal oxygen uptake (V. O 2max), including its physiological significance. • Define graded exercise stress test. • List criteria that indicate when a person reaches "true" V. O 2max and V. O 2peak during a graded exercise test. • Outline three commonly used treadmill protocols to assess V. O 2max. • Explain how each of the following affects V. O 2max : (1) mode of exercise, (2) heredity, (3) state of training, (4) gender, (5) body composition, and (6) age. • Describe procedures to administer a submaximal walking "field test" to predict V. O 2max. • Outline the procedure to administer a step test to predict V. O 2max. • List three assumptions when predicting V. O 2max from submaximal exercise heart rate.
Aerobic Capacity In Norwegian Men And Women Aged 20-85 Years
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2011
Existing reference values for clinical exercise testing have been derived from small nonrandom samples, lacking women and older individuals and some with poor or no maximal end criteria. The objective was to study the cardiorespiratory response during maximal exercise in a representative predominantly Caucasian sample of men and women. Methods: Nine hundred four randomly sampled men and women, 20 to 85 years old, exercised on a treadmill to exhaustion. Oxygen uptake ( O 2 ), heart rate (HR), BP, blood lactate concentration, and ventilatory variables were measured. Results: Seven hundred fi fty-nine participants met the criteria for an acceptable maximal O 2 ( O 2 max) based on a respiratory exchange ratio Ն 1.10 or a Borg score Ն 17. In the 20-to 29-yearold age group, O 2 max (mL/kg/min) was 40.3 ( Ϯ 7.1) in women and 48.6 ( Ϯ 9.6) in men. A linear decline (8% per decade) was observed after age 30 years in both sexes. Maximal HR decreased with age by Ϯ 6.3 beats/min per decade. The maximal oxygen pulse was 33% lower in women and decreased signifi cantly with age in both sexes by 5% and 3% per decade for women and men, respectively. Women's maximal ventilation was 66% that of men and decreased with age after 40 to 49 years in both sexes. Breathing reserve was higher and blood lactate was lower in women than in men. Conclusions: This study establishes reference values for O 2 max (absolute, relative to body weight and fat-free weight), maximal HR, oxygen pulse, BP, ventilation, breathing reserve, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate concentration during maximal exercise on treadmill in a large population.
Effect of once a week endurance exercise on fitness status in sedentary subjects
Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 2010
To study whether 3-months aerobic exercise training at moderate intensity once a week can increase fitness status in healthy sedentary young men. Randomized controlled study was performed in 37 sedentary young men, 18 to 25 years old. The exercise group (19) was assigned to work on bicycle ergometry at 60% of maximal effort, once a week for 12 weeks. The control group (18) lived a normal life style. Before and after training, aerobic fitness (VO2(max)), resting heart rate, lipid profile, and isokinetic power and strength of shoulder and knee were evaluated. In the exercise group, there was a significant increase in most fitness parameters compared with control, VO2(max) (19.7%), isokinetic power and strength of shoulder and knee (14.9%), and resting heart rate decreased (7.4%). Moderate-intensity training once a week for at least 12 weeks was sufficient to increase aerobic fitness in sedentary young men. This low frequency of exercise training may be used to encourage sedentary indi...
Maximal Aerobic Power versus Performance in Two Aerobic Endurance Tests among Young and Old Adults
Gerontology, 2011
Background: Aerobic fitness is of great value for reducing risk of mortality and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This study evaluated the performance in and correlations between a new test (five-minute pyramid test, 5MPT), the six-minute walk-test (6MWT) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) among old and young adults. Methods: Forty-four habitually active adults (females and males), 23 old (64–79 years) and 21 young (20–32 years) participated. In the 5MPT, the participants moved back and forth along a short walkway (5.5 m) over boxes (height: ‘old people’ 0.42 m, ‘young people’ 0.62 m) arranged like an elongated step pyramid for 5 min. Power in the pyramid test (5MPTpower) was calculated as the product of numbers of laps, body weight, gravity and highest box level divided by time. A 6MWT and a maximal cycle ergometer test for direct measurements of VO2max were also performed. In all tests heart rate, with on-line electrocardiography, and perceived exertion were recorded. Results: ...
Aerobic Training for Healthy Men and Women: Determining Intensities by Different Equations
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The aim of this study is to develop equations for aerobic exercise prescription for the intensities of 50, 60, 70 and 80% in healthy subjects of both sexes. Method. This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling drawn from a database of 228 healthy subjects who were randomized into the regression group (GR: 197 subjects (male = 143 and female = 54)) and cross-validation group (CVG: 31 individuals [men = 20 and women = 11]). Kohavi’s assumptions were followed in relation to cross-validation and bootstrap for precision estimation and model selection. The GR was used to build the estimation equations from the multiple linear regression. The CVG was determined to analyze the validity in the estimation equations. The equations to determine the intensities were constructed by means of multiple regression, the independent variables were determined by the stepwise method, observing the significance level of p < 0.05. Results. The reliability level of Cronbach’s alpha of the mu...
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011
Objective This study analysed cardiopulmonary, metabolic and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during exercise bouts performed below, at and above the second lactate threshold (LT2) intensity. Methods 10 healthy men performed constant workloads to exhaustion at the fi rst lactate threshold (LT1), LT2 and 25% of the difference between LT2 and maximal aerobic power output (TW 25% ) identifi ed during an incremental test. The time to exhaustion (TE) was 93.8 (18.0), 44.5 (16.0) and 22.8 (10.6) min at LT1, LT2 and TW 25% , respectively (p < 0.001). Metabolic and cardiopulmonary parameters and RPE data were time normalised to the exercise bout duration. The correlation between the slope of these variables and TE was calculated. Results Differences were found for respiratory exchange ratio (RER), RPE and potassium at LT1; RER, RPE, norepinephrine and potassium at LT2; and ventilation, respiratory rate (RR), RPE, lactate and potassium at TW 25% . Except for RR, no cardiopulmonary or metabolic parameter increased signifi cantly after 50% of the exercise duration, indicating a physiological steady state. VO 2 , heart rate and lactate at exhaustion in all exercise bouts were signifi cantly lower than values reached in the maximal incremental test. The slope of most metabolic variables was not correlated to TE in LT1, LT2 and TW 25% , whereas the slope of RPE was signifi cantly correlated to TE (r = −0.72 to −0.84; p < 0.05) for the three exercise intensities. Conclusion Contrary to traditional suggestions, exercise at LT1, LT2 and TW 25% intensities is performed and terminated in the presence of an overall physiological steady state.