Civitas Sibi Faciat Civem: Bartolus of Sassoferrato's Doctrine on the Making of a Citizen (original) (raw)
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Citizenship in the Renaissance
Chapter 18 from the City of Reason vol 3 Universitas by Dr Peter Critchley This paper argues that whilst each urban creation in the period of the Renaissance evinced a great deal of individuality, taken together these units formed part of a system, each basically alike in the fundamentals of their laws and society. This was not the old idealistic citizenship reborn but its reworking to fit a new age of republican government. The new citizenship was a two edged sword. For the new financial opportunities from which citizens sought to benefit was accompanied by the growth of princely power. As citizens felt their power or possibility of power to be increasing, the prince was extending his power over individuals, turning the new citizens into subjects. The main drivers in this development are political and military. In city states like Verona, Bologna, Florence, and Milan and others, some dynast or other, helped by family, friends, and dependents, succeeded in establishing his authority to the detriment of republican institutions. Whilst less visible, the administrative and legal side of this transition is decisive in driving and consolidating the transition. The prince’s actions proceeded and city and country were integrated through the specific acts and judgements of lawyers and bureaucrats. Thus, the conception of a public citizenship, which depended upon birth or definite act of will of the individual citizen, was undermined by mutually reinforcing developments. The pursuit of material, legal and political benefit on the part of individuals involved citizens in a greater reliance upon the prince. At the same time, the prince was establishing the principle that he, by his act of will alone, could make or break the relationship between the citizen and the community. The relation of citizen to community, therefore, was not the product of citizen action and discourse but of the will of the prince. Not collective control but the individual will of the prince could create or destroy this relation between citizen and community. As individuals identified citizenship with individual benefits, the principle of princely power was being extended over wider and wider territories. Far from the new citizenship creating republican institutions, these developments were building the legal omnicompetence of the modern state which centralised power.
Citizenship in Medieval and Early Modern Italian Cities
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Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE, 2021
"Roman and Local Citizenship in the Long Second Century CE offers a radical new history of Roman citizenship in the long century before Caracalla's universal grant of citizenship in 212 CE. Earlier work portrayed the privileges of citizenship in this period as eroded by its wide diffusion. Building on recent scholarship that has revised downward estimates for the spread of citizenship, this work investigates the continuing significance of Roman citizenship in the domains of law, economics and culture. In so doing, it provides a fresh portrait of the early Roman empire: a world that sustained an exclusive regime of citizenship in a context of remarkable political and cultural integration. Chapters are contributed by Ari Z. Bryen, Lisa Pilar Eberle, Myles Lavan, Rose MacLean, Aitor Blanco-Pérez, Anna Dolganov, Georgy Kantor, Cédric Brélaz, and Clifford Ando.
CFP Citizens and Subjects in the Italian Colonies, 2019
The Department of Social Sciences of the Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, the Department of Historical Studies of the Università degli Studi di Milano, together with the PRIN-2015 “War and citizenship. Redrawing the boundaries of citizenship in the First World War and its aftermath” organize a Workshop to be held on 20-21 June, in Naples. This workshop seeks to bring together scholars of citizenship in the Italian colonial context and aims at inserting the Italian experience in a broad comparative frame. Deadline: 28 February 2019