Ultraviolet blocking in the ocular humors of the teleost fish Acanthocybium solandri (Scombridae) (original) (raw)
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Transmission of ocular media in labrid fishes
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2000
Wrasses (Labridae) are the second largest family of ¢shes on the Great Barrier Reef (after the Gobiidae) and, in terms of morphology and lifestyle, one of the most diverse. They occupy all zones of the reef from the very shallow reef £ats to deep slopes, feeding on a variety of fauna. Many wrasses also have elaborately patterned bodies and re£ect a range of colours from ultraviolet (UV) to far red. As a ¢rst step to investigating the visual system of these ¢shes we measured the transmission properties of the ocular media of 36 species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and Hawaii, California and the Florida Keys, USA. Transmission measurements were made of whole eyes with a window cut into the back, and also of isolated lenses and corneas. Based on the transmission properties of the corneas the species could be split into two distinct groups within which the exact wavelength of the cut-o¡ was variable. One group had visibly yellow corneas, while the corneas of the other group appeared clear to human observers. Five species had ocular media that transmitted wavelengths below 400 nm, making a perception of UV wavelengths for those species possible. Possible functional roles for the di¡erent ¢lter types are discussed.
Ultraviolet sensitivity in the torus semicircularis of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Vision Research, 1994
Tbe spectral sensitivity of single units in the torus semicircularis (TS) of small ( < 30 g) and large ( > 60 g) juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorirynclsus mykiss, was investigated. AU examined units (n = 39) showed inputs from the long and medim cone mechanisms. In addition, a majorlty of units (28 of 39) in both size groups of fish bad inputs from the W cone mttcbanism, and both groups had several types of color-coded units. The TS of large trout differed from small fish by having a significantly bigher pro~~on of luminance or non-color-coded units relative to color-coded units. A~tion~y, large fish had a reduced number of W-sensitive units and an increased number of sbort-wavelengtbsensitive units relative to small fish.
Vision Research, 1989
Based on their spectral transmission, the lenses of 50 teleost species can be classified into three categories: "type 1" colourless lenses with 50% transmission points between 315 and 354 nm, "type 2" lenses which also appear colourless but have 50% cutoff points around 362405 nm, and "type 3" lenses which are visibly yellow (50% transmission 425450 nm). Most corneas transmit all wavelengths down to around 300 nm, with only 3 species showing a distinct yellow colouration. This distribution of ocular media transmission is related both to the phylogenetic group of the fish and to their photic environment.
Transmission of ocular media in labrid shes
2016
Wrasses (Labridae) are the second largest family of ¢shes on the Great Barrier Reef (after the Gobiidae) and, in terms of morphology and lifestyle, one of the most diverse. They occupy all zones of the reef from the very shallow reef £ats to deep slopes, feeding on a variety of fauna. Many wrasses also have elabo-rately patterned bodies and re£ect a range of colours from ultraviolet (UV) to far red. As a ¢rst step to investigating the visual system of these ¢shes we measured the transmission properties of the ocular media of 36 species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and Hawaii, California and the Florida Keys, USA. Transmission measurements were made of whole eyes with a window cut into the back, and also of isolated lenses and corneas. Based on the transmission properties of the corneas the species could be split into two distinct groups within which the exact wavelength of the cut-o ¡ was variable. One group had visibly yellow corneas, while the corneas of the other group...
Journal of Neurocytology, 1984
Depending on the pre-experimental treatment, densities as well as sizes of particles associated with the visual membranes in the eyes of Procambarus clarkii varied. The highest mean particle density (5268 _+ 969 ~m 2) and the smallest mean particle diameter (5.57 _+ 1.35 nm) were found in crayfish which had been kept in the dark for 10 weeks in aerated fresh water of 10 ~ C. Crayfish kept under a 12 h dark/light regime in water of 10 ~ C or 30 ~ C for three weeks displayed particle densities of 1076 + 180 and 2899 + 249 ~m-2, respectively; particle diameters were of the order of 8 nm. Temperature did not alter the shape or the slope of the V/log ! curves, but ERG recordings show that maximum spectral sensitivity was shifted from ~max = 560 nm in cold water crayfish (10 ~ C) to Lmax = 580 nm in crayfish from the 30 ~ C tank, and that the 10 ~ C curve was somewhat narrower than the 30 ~ C curve. It is suggested that the observed shift was caused by a combination of factors, of which the following may have played key roles: (1) The filter effect of screening pigment granules and other intracellular components such as vesicles, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, some of which were developed to a considerably greater extent in 30~ material; (2) increased membrane fluidity due to higher temperature as well as the presence of photoproducts in the light, and the 'countermeasures' taken by the visual pigment molecules to stabilize the lipid bilayer, e.g. higher density, possible 12-s-cis linkages etc.; and (3) increased regeneration or synthesis of rhodopsin due to higher metabolic activity of retinula cells at higher temperatures. Temperature-induced changes of visual pigments in a variety of organisms are discussed and evidence for the rhodopsin-aggregate model of crayfish visual pigment is presented. It is concluded that the retinula cytoplasm is involved in restoring depleted stocks of photopigment, and that the biological sense of possessing an increase in red sensitivity during the warm summer months lies in the correlation of light penetration in the natural habitat of P. clarkii and optimal exploitation of the habitat.
Environmental biology of fishes, 2000
The visual ecology of fishes places changing demands on their visual system during development. Study of changes in the eye can suggest possible changes in behavioral ecology. The spectral transmission of the pre-retinal ocular media controls the wavelength of light that reaches the retina and is a simply measured indication of their potential visual capabilities. Dascyllus albisella is a coral reef planktivore known to have UV-sensitive retinal cone cells. UV vision probably aids in detection of zooplankton. As a juvenile it is very closely associated with branching coral heads or, more rarely, sea anemones. As it matures, it ventures farther from its coral, above the reef, and eventually assumes a more vagile life style, moving farther and more frequently afield. Their eyes contain short-wavelength blocking compounds in the lens, cornea and humors. As they age, both the lens and the cornea accumulate blocking compounds that increase the 50% transmission cutoff of the whole eye from ca. 330 nm in 2-3 cm juveniles to ca. 360 nm in the largest adults. The cornea increases its cutoff wavelength faster than the lens and becomes the primary filter in large adults. The cutoff of the aqueous and vitreous humors combined does not change with size. The slope of the transmission cutoff curve increases with the size of the fish. The increased blocking of UV radiation is likely not an adaptation to protect the eye from short-wavelength induced damage. Instead it probably reduces the image degradation effects of short-wavelength light in the largest eyes and still allows sufficient penetration of UV radiation to permit functional UV vision.
Vision Research, 1973
RETINAL extracts from many teleost fishes yield two visual pigments, one based on retinol (Al-based) and the other on 3dehy~oretinol (AZ-based) (DARTNALL and LYTHGOE, 1965;. The proportion of these two pigments has been found to vary with several factors, such as the salinity of the environment (e.g. WALD, 1957; BEATER, 1966), the administration of thyroid hormone (BEATT~, 1969 ;, the age of the fish 197Oa), the part of the retina from which the sample is taken (MUEITZ and NORTHMORE, 1971; REUTER, WHH-E and WALD, 1971;, and the lighting conditions (DARTHALL, LANDER and MUNZ, 1961; BRIDGES, 1965; BEATER, 1969). These various findings have led to considerable speculation on the visual role of these two pigment types.