"The Tomb of Tuthmosis III"s Foreign Wives: A Survey of its Architectural Type, Contents, and Foreign Connections" (original) (raw)

KV 20 and KV 38: Two Tombs attributed to Tuthmosis I

This paper examines the architecture and location of two of the oldest royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings: KV20 and KV38. In KV20, sarcophagi for both Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis I have been discovered. In KV38, another sarcophagus was found, also with the names of Tuthmosis I. The attribution by Hayes (“Royal Sarcophagi of the XVIIIth Dynasty”) of the various sarcophagi is examined, and to some extent modified. The plan of KV20 has long defied explanation. The supposed orientation of KV20 towards Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri is now checked against a satellite picture: this shows matters to be somewhat different than expected. Carefull mapping of both KV20 and KV38 reveals, that both tombs are in fact oriented towards El Qurn: the distinctive mountain peak that dominates the Valley of the Kings. 95 pages, 17 figures, 24 tables, extensive bibliography.

Erzurum İkiztepeler Tumuli: The Re-Evaluation of Tumulus IV with Tomb Finds

CEDRUS, 2021

The İkiztepeler Tumuli, located approximately 14 km north of Erzurum, consist of five tumuli, located in a 34 acre area of land between the Gülpınar and Kırmızıtaş neighborhoods. Three of the five tumuli excavations were carried out in 1965 by Hamid Z. Herman Vary Kosay. Number I, IV and V tumuli excavated provide important data for the history of the region. In the excavation reports examined, it is seen that in particular Tumuli IV has important data with its architectural features and tomb finds. The tumuli were superficially evaluated in the studies of Koşay and Vary, as belonging to a Hellenistic Period context. Tumulus IV and its tomb finds, which were reexamined within the scope of this research, are here dated to a more specific time period. This paper aims to shed light on the history of Erzurum and its environs, where relatively little information is available concerning its Hellenistic past and to provide data for more comprehensive studies to be carried out in the future.

‘Royal’ Tombs in Balkan-Anatolian Context. Representations of Status in Phrygian Tumuli

Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC

The present paper examines the 'royal' status displayed by the grave goods found in the tumuli at Gordion. For some time now it has been clear that the so-called Midas Mound is not the tomb of King Midas. If we are not able to assign any of the tombs to a specific name, however, then what can be made of the grave goods and inscriptions found in Phrygian tumuli? Graffiti from the tombs provide recurrent names that might be interpreted as cultic titles. It seems that representations of ritual status were more important than political or historical claims. Or, rather, political messages were rendered in terms of ritual status. The interpretation of some of the bronze objects found in the tombs (belts and fibulae) supports this suggestion. Thus, we can interpret Phrygian tumuli as élite burial monuments, but not all of them can be considered royal. The research situation is comparable with the problems concerning the 4th century BC Thracian tombs. Although some Thracian royal names of that period are known, none of the tombs can be securely assigned to a certain ruler. Again, the deceased was projected in his symbolic and ritual status rather than in his political capacity as a historical ruler. Finally, the author considers Phrygian identities displayed by tumuli outside the Phrygian heartland. They supplement further pieces of evidence for cultural interactions.