A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries (ArCo) (original) (raw)
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A New Indicator of Technological Capabilities for Developed and Developing Countries
World Development Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 629–654, 2004
— This paper devises a new indicator (ArCo) of technological capabilities that aims at accounting for developed and developing countries. Building on similar attempts as those devised by UN Agencies, including the UNDP Human Development Report's Technology Achievement Index (TAI) and UNIDO's Industrial Performance Scoreboard, this index takes into account a number of other variables associated with technological change. Three main components are considered: the creation of technology, the technological infrastructures and the development of human skills. Eight subcategories have also been included. ArCo also allows for comparisons between countries over time. A preliminary attempt to correlate ArCo to GDP is also presented.
2004
aims at accounting for developed and developing countries. Building on similar attempts as those devised by UN Agencies, including the UNDP Human Development Report’s Technology Achievement Index (TAI) and UNIDO’s Industrial Performance Scoreboard, this index takes into account a number of other variables associated with technological change. Three main components are considered: the creation of technology, the technological infrastructures and the development of human skills. Eight sub-categories have also been included. ArCo also allows for comparisons between countries over time.. A preliminary attempt to correlate ArCo to GDP is also presented. Key words- technology creation, infrastructures, human skills, development index
Measuring technological capabilities at the country level: A survey and a menu for choice
Research Policy, 2005
Several new measures of national technological capabilities have recently been developed. These attempts are a result of an often-implicit theoretical consensus about the nature of technology. The aim of this article is to compare their methodologies and results. The World Economic Forum (WEF), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), and the RAND Corporation are the institutions that have provided the measures examined here. We compare these authoritative attempts with our own measure of technological capability, ArCo. The results provide a broadly comparable ranking of countries, although a few significant differences do emerge.
A New Index Measure of Technological Capabilities for Developing Countries
2012
The study was conducted to develop an index as a new measurement tool analyzing the innovativeness of developing countries. The role of science and technology in enhancing the rate of innovation is also investigated. The index is estimated for 61 countries observed during 2003-2008. The countries are classified into three groups based on their innovation level. The highest rate of innovation was noticed in China, followed by Estonia and Malaysia. The lowest innovation rate was reported in Iran, Bangladesh, Tadzhikistan, and Cambodia. It is recommended that governments (1) to allocate significant share of their budgets to the factors that enhance technological capability such as the science education, gross education enrollment rate and internet connectivity, (2) to promote policies of national awards for scientists and researchers who make sound breakthroughs in science and technology, (3) to develop international relations in the social, economic, cultural, and scientific spheres, (4) to modify school curriculum and syllabus, so that higher emphasis is given to the creativity and spontaneity of the children, (5) to relax portion of corporate taxes for developing an innovative way of product and production processes, which are environmentally friendly and economically viable. Finally, (6) the special focus must be given to the encouragement of local organizations to conduct the specialized training programs to promote innovation activities.
A New Index Measure of Technological Capabilities of Developing Countries
This study is conducted to develop a new measurement tool to analyze the extent of innovation by developing nations. The role of science and technology in enhancing the rate of innovation is also investigated. The existing methods for measuring innovation such as Technology index (WFP), Technology achievement index (UNDP), Industrial development scorecard(UNIDO), ArCo (Archibugi and Coco) and Science and technology index(RAND Corporation) are compared and based on their limitations a new tool with higher advantages is developed. The new index is labeled as Technology Creation Index (TC-Index) is decomposed into six distinct components. The index is estimated for 61 developing countries from Asia, North and South America and Africa. The countries ate classified into three groups based on their extent of innovation derived from principle component analysis to assess the country group heterogeneity. The results suggest that in construction of TC-Index patents granted, human development...
Technology achievement index 2009: ranking and comparative study of nations
Scientometrics, 2011
Ranking of 91 countries based on the Technology Achievement Index 2009 (TAI-09) (2009 refers to the year in which most of data collection was carried out.) is reported. Originally proposed in 2002, the TAI is a composite indicator which aggregates national technological capabilities and performance in terms of creation/diffusion of new technologies, diffusion of old technologies and development of human skills. In addition to the overall ranking of 91 countries, rankings in each sub-dimension of the Index are also reported. Comparative analysis of TAI ranking of 56 countries, common to the present and previous study of 2002 under similar conditions, is quite instructive and indicates shifts in technological scenario of these countries even over a relatively short period of 5–6 years. A simple concept based on Standard Deviation approach, as an indication of the technological spread or otherwise, is proposed for the first time. Application of this concept to 56 common countries is reported.
Technological Achievement of the World: An Update and Analysis of Countries, Continents and Periods
İzmir iktisat dergisi, 2022
This study examines the development of Technology Achievement Index for 72 nations from 1990 through 2019. The nations in the TAI are classified into four groups of countries and the determinants of TAI are comprised of creation of technology, diffusion of old technology, diffusion of new technology, and development of human skills for three periods of time. The main findings indicate that TAI ranking consists of leaders who are 9 countries, potential leaders are 43 countries, dynamic adopters are 5 countries, and only 5 countries are marginalized. In general, the findings show that leaders of TAI have capabilities to enable and use technology in three periods. Besides, over the past decades, the number of countries entering the ranks of potential leaders has observed an increase. Additionally, the empirical findings demonstrate that there is a statistically significant relationship between four sub-indices and has a positive correlation. This study, therefore, provides on the role of technological achievements, diffusions, and adaptions in the development of countries on the basis of four sub-indices, income levels, and time.
Measuring Technology Achievement of Nations and the Capacity to Participate in the Network Age1
Disparities among countries in their capacity to create and use technology for development has persisted for a long time and are now huge. It is likely to become an increasingly significant factor in determining patterns of global development and poverty in the 21st century. The last decade's technological transformations and the emergence of the global marketplace have raised the stakes for all countries to be technologically connected -to be able to create, adapt and use global technological innovations. All countries face the challenges of participating and competing in the technology-based global marketplace and ensuring that technology is harnessed as a tool for human development. Yet the nature of those challenges is very different across countries, because countries vary hugely in their technological capacity and needs. This paper presents a measurement approach to assessing the technological achievements of a country as an aid to policy makers in identifying policy priorities. It develops a Technology Achievement Index (TAI), a composite measure of technological progress that ranks countries on a comparative global scale.
The complementary nature of Technological Capabilities: Measurement and robustness issues
The application of composite indicators to complex phenomena in social science has come to remarkable prominence. As a result, they have been widely applied in wide-ranging fields. This paper explores the application of a composite indicator of technological capabilities that can be also valid for composite indicators in other fields. We focus on whether different methodologies to build composite indicators lead to different results. The arithmetic mean to aggregate technological capabilities variables has been widely criticized, as it allows for perfect substitutability between variables, thus disregarding the complementary nature of technological capabilities. We introduce a new aggregation rule, the concave mean, in order to take into account the complementarity argument in a Science-Technology-Innovation context. Using a dataset for 138 countries, we show that the arithmetic mean is biased in principle but robust in practice. This depends upon the fact that technologically more advanced countries tend to have a more complementary structure in their technological capabilities compared to less developed nations.