Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory Tract Infections in Cardiovascular Surgery Patients Associated with Contaminated Ultrasound Gel Used for Transesophageal Echocardiography - Michigan, December 2011-January 2012 (original) (raw)
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Measles in health-care settings
American Journal of Infection Control, 2013
Outbreak Nosocomial Hospital Transmission Health-care workers Vaccine-preventable disease Despite the availability of an effective and safe vaccine for almost half a century, measles is re-emerging in several developed countries because of the insufficient vaccination coverage among specific subpopulations, the emerging anti-vaccination movement, and the increasing movement of humans across borders. In this context, health-care settings play a critical role in the transmission of infection and generation of numerous cases. Health-care-associated outbreaks may be associated with severe morbidity and mortality among specific groups of patients, disruption of health-care services, and considerable costs. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of a measles case and inadequate implementation of infection control measures are common in almost all events of nosocomial spread. Measles vaccination of health-care workers is an effective means of prevention of nosocomial measles outbreaks. Eliminating measles by 2010 has not been accomplished. Stronger recommendations and higher vaccination coverage against measles in health-care workers could contribute to eliminate measles in the general population.
Measles outbreaks: Who are at risk and why
Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 1989
After the introduction of measles vaccine in the United States in 1963 the reported incidence of measles (rubeola) decreased substantially. The disease, however, has not been eliminated. Since 1983, when the lowest number of cases was reported, slight increases in incidence have been observed. Outbreaks are occurring among previously immunized school-and college-age children and unimmunized preschool children and infants. This article describes measles occurrence, transmission, diagnosis, development of measles immunity, the 1989 Centers for Disease Control recommendations for immunization, and implications for health care providers for preventing measles outbreaks. j PEDIATR HEALTH CARE. (1989).
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 2019
Since 2018 and currently in 2019, the United States and Canada experienced a rapidly spreading measles virus outbreak. The developing outbreak may be due to a lack of vaccination, an inadequate dosage of measles (MMR) vaccine, clusters of intentionally under-vaccinated children, imported measles from global travel, and from those who are immunocompromised or have other life-threatening diseases. The infection originated mainly from travelers who acquired measles abroad and has thus led to a major outbreak and health concern not only in the United States and Canada but also in other parts of the world. According to the World Health Organization, from January 2019 through September 2019, 1234 cases of measles have been reported in the United States and 91 reported cases in Canada, while in 2018, 372 and 28 cases were reported in the United States and Canada, respectively. A potential driving factor to the increased cases maybe because fewer children have been vaccinated over the last number of years in both countries. This article is a narrative review of cases discussing the measles outbreak among partially vaccinated and unvaccinated children and adults in the United States and Canada in 2018 and 2019.
Measles in the United States during the Postelimination Era
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010
Background. Measles affected entire birth cohorts in the prevaccine era but was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000 because of a successful measles vaccination program. Methods. We reviewed US surveillance data on confirmed measles cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and data on national measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage during postelimination years 2001Ϫ2008. Results. During 2001Ϫ2008, a total of 557 confirmed cases of measles (annual median no. of cases, 56) and 38 outbreaks (annual median no. of outbreaks, 4) were reported in the United States; 232 (42%) of the cases were imported from 44 countries, including European countries. Among case-patients who were US residents, the highest incidences of measles were among infants 6-11 months of age and children 12-15 months of age (3.5 and 2.6 cases/1 million person-years, respectively). From 2001 through 2008, national 1-dose MMR vaccine coverage among children 19-35 months of age ranged from 91% to 93%. From 2001 through 2008, a total of 285 USresident case-patients (65%) were considered to have preventable measles (ie, the patients were eligible for vaccination but unvaccinated). During 2004-2008, a total of 68% of vaccine-eligible US-resident case-patients claimed exemptions for personal beliefs. Conclusions. The United States maintained measles elimination from 2001 through 2008 because of sustained high vaccination coverage. Challenges to maintaining elimination include large outbreaks of measles in highly traveled developed countries, frequent international travel, and clusters of US residents who remain unvaccinated because of personal belief exemptions. Measles is a highly infectious, acute viral disease that causes rash, respiratory symptoms, and fever. Severe complications, which may result in death, include pneumonia and encephalitis. In the decade before the national measles vaccine program was implemented in