Measuring Evidence of Peak-Load Pricing and Consumer Heterogeneities in Airline Pricing (original) (raw)

Understanding Price Dispersion in the Airline Industry: Capacity Constraints and Consumer Heterogeneity1

This paper analyzes across-airline differences in economy class fares, aimed at consumers of different types. We use the sample of fares, offered on the London-New York market. Different booking scenarios have been employed to obtain offered fares to resemble those aimed at customers of different types. We determine that fares aimed at the business customers are different across airlines, while leisure fares are not. Such conduct appears to be consistent with airlines applying yield management technique to manage uncertain demand under short-term fixed capacity. Yet, empirical support of this contention in our sample is weak. We hope that this finding will eventually help us understand the role of uncertain demand and constrained capacity in price dispersion in the airline and similar industries.

COMPETITION AND PRICE DISPERSION IN THE U.S. AIRLINE INDUSTRY

This papers analyzes dispersion in the prices that an airline cIarges to different customers on the same route. Such variation in airlines fares is substantial: the expected absolute difference in fares between two of an airline's passengers on a route averages thirty-six percent of the airline's average ticket price on the route.

Competition and price dispersion in the airline markets

Applied Economics, 2014

We use two ticket-level data sets on one-way domestic flights for the US airlines to examine the potentially nonlinear relationship between price dispersion and three forms of competition: inter-firm, inter-flight and frequency competitions. The linear relationship is rejected at any conventional significance levels. In particular, there is an S-shaped relationship between market concentration and price dispersion. This can be a reason for the mixed results in the literature. Roughly speaking, the interflight and frequency competitions have opposite effects on price dispersion. Finally, in general, the size of aircraft has a positive effect on price. However, for very large aircraft, the relationship becomes negative.

The hidden side of dynamic pricing in airline markets

2016

An often disregarded, albeit central, aspect of the airline pricing's problem consists in assigning a fare to all the available seats on an airplane at the beginning of and during the whole booking period. We show how a flight's fare distribution is set in practice and how it changes over time using evidence from a leading European low-cost carrier. Such pricing behavior is consistent with the main predictions from the theoretical model we present. First, fare distributions are increasing across seats because a lower fare for the seat on sale enhances the likelihood of selling the subsequent seats. Second, over time fare distributions move, on average, downward to reflect the perishable nature of a flight's seats. Third, due to the increasing profile of the fare distributions across seats, we find that the price observed by prospective buyers tends to increase as the date of departure nears.

Equilibrium Price Dispersion Under Demand Uncertainty: The Roles of Costly Capacity and Market Structure

Rand Journal of Economics, 1999

When capacity is costly and prices are set in advance, firms facing uncertain demand will sell output at multiple prices and limit the quantity available at each price. I show that the optimal price strategy of a monopolist and the unique pure-strategy Nash equilibria of oligopolists both exhibit intrafirm price dispersion. Moreover, as the market becomes more competitive, prices become more dispersed, a pattern documented in the airline industry. While generating similar predictions, the model differs from the revenue management literature because it disregards market segmentation and fare restrictions that screen customers.

Low-cost airlines and online price dispersion

International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2011

This paper presents a new form of online pricing tactic where airlines post, at the same time and for the same flight, fares in different currencies that violate the Law of One Price. Unexpectedly for an online market, price dispersion may be accompanied by a hidden discount that tends to persist in the period preceding a flight's departure. The econometric analysis reveals that airlines post dispersive fares in less competitive routes with more heterogeneous demand. Furthermore, temporal persistence of intra-firm fare dispersion suggests that it is an equilibrium phenomenon engendered by the airlines' need to manage stochastic demand conditions for a specific flight.

Airline pricing under different market conditions: Evidence from European Low-Cost Carriers

Tourism Management, 2015

Traditional theories of airline pricing maintain that fares monotonically increase as fewer seats remain available on a flight. A fortiori, this implies a monotonically increasing temporal profile of fares. In this paper, we exploit the presence of drops in offered fares over time as an indicator of an active yield management intervention by two main European Low-Cost Carriers observed daily during the period June 2002 -June 2003. Our results indicate that yield management is effective in raising a flight's load factor. Furthermore, yield management interventions are more intense, and generate a stronger impact, on more competitive routes: one possible interpretation is that a reduction in competitive pressure allows the carriers to adopt a more standardized approach to pricing. Similarly, we find that yield management interventions are more effective in raising the load factor on routes where the customer mix is more heterogenous (i.e., it includes passengers traveling for leisure, business and for family matters). On markets with homogeneous customer base, no robust yield management effect was observed.

The Influence of Purchase Date and Flight Duration over the Dispersion of Airline Ticket Prices

For many years, the air travel market has been the most regulated sector of the economy. Within the last few decades, it has undergone profound change, which is largely a consequence of changes in the law. Another factor that exerted influence on the market was the popularization of new information and communication technologies that affected the interaction between service providers and clients. Due to the application of modern technologies, it is easier for tradesmen to implement pricing policies to maximize profits or minimize losses. In turn, customers acquired a tool for comparing prices, which aids them in selecting the most advantageous offer from their point of view. This study aims to provide an answer to the following questions: how does flight duration affect the price dispersion of airline tickets and does price dispersion increase as the date of departure approaches. To answer these questions, airline ticket prices for flights on the route: Warsaw-London-Warsaw and the route: Warsaw-New York-Warsaw were observed between August 14 and November 14, 2014. Price dispersion increased on both routes as the date of departure approached. Analysis of price variation over time has revealed that longer flights (WAW-ZYP-WAW vs WAW-LHR-WAW) were less dispersed in terms of prices in the period under analysis.