Nationology in retrospect (original) (raw)
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What is a 'Nation'? An enquiry into Nationalism and Theory
Mr. Jonathan A. Carradice-French, 2013
Amidst the decay of the Ottoman Empire following its defeat in the Great War, there saw rise to an ideology in the Near East that had radically transformed Europe: nationalism. This ideology has become a significant topic within academic culture in the past two centuries; enquiry into the nature of nation and subsequently how its existence affects both global and local cultures has become important. There are three primary schools of thought on what the essence of a nation is: modernist, perennialist and primordialist; and an assertion by Anthony D. Smith of an ‘ethno-symbolist’ theory as an alternative answer. In exploring these theories on the nature of what a nation is and how it has come to fruition, there is an opening to understanding how both individuals and communities operate.
NATION, NATIONALISM AND OTHER INTERVENING CONCEPTS-THE TENSION, CONTENTION IN THEIR MEANINGS.pdf
Analyses of nation and nationalism, which are figuratively about “‘belonging’, “‘bordering’, and ‘commitment’” (Brennan, 1995:128), have come in various ways. While some scholars evaluate it from 1980 upwards (Zuelow, 2006), others concentrate on ideas around it across time (Smith, 1994; Brubaker, 1996; Özkirimlii, 2000). Many others try to group theories of nationalism into typologies, for easier understanding (Smith, 1994; Greenfeld, 1995; Hechter, 2000). There are also various theories on its manner of emergence (Anderson, 1983; Handler, 1988; Gellner, 1983; Hroch, 1996; Renan, 1996). While a grouping of the arguments can be elusive, relationships between the individual and the collective to the state are in the centre of most analyses. Issues are also around ways of considering the relation between the self and the nation. This paper discusses nation and nationalism from the multiple perspectives, and other intervening and related concepts, in the bid to expand the scope of understanding, and concludes that the shades of conceptualisations are still bound to continue.
Canadian Social Science, 2013
In sociological and anthropological view there is a challenge between the paradigms about nature, power and origin of nations and nationalism. The aim of this article is to discuss and describe the source of nations and nationalism. Here there are three main categories of explanation: the Primordialist or the perennialists, the modernist, and the ethno-symbolic. Primordialist and perennialists' emphasis is on nation and nationalism as a natural and biological phenomenon. Modernists think to nation and nationalism as new events. They determine nations as a 'constructed' or 'invented' phenomenon, but ethno symbolism criticizes modernism view of origin of nation and nationalism. Ethnosymbolism seeks to provide some conceptual tools as an alternative approach and research programme for the study of nations and nationalism.
Yeni Bir Disiplin Olarak Nasyonolojinin İmkânı (The Possibility of Nationology as a New Discipline)
Türkiye'de Bilgi Üretimi ve Bilim Politikaları Uluslararası Sempozyumu, 15-17 Kasım 2017, Kırşehir
Nation is a phenomenon widely regarded as peculiar to the modern age and a concept that is of interest to all social sciences, mainly political science and international relations. There are remarkable social sciences like anthropology and sociology on human societies, but there has not been any independent science to study the phenomenon of nation. This paper aims to analyse whether nationology is possible, and if possible, what to study and how to study in nationology. Nation is defined here as a large group of people based on internal assimilation and external differentation. Elements of similarity and dissimilarity can be formed based on ethnicity, language, or religion, etc. This situation rules out the possibility of uncovering law-like generalisations about nations like in physical sciences. Nationology should adopt this impossibility and prioritise the peculiarities rather than commonalities of nations, because there are a great deal of objective and subjective factors explaining the emergence, development and disintegration of nations. The multitude of individuality and idiosyncracy enables a limited categorisation as well. Despite these restrictions, it is possible to lay the ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations of nationology if we determine what and how to study.
A STUDY ON NATION AND NATIONALISM IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONALISM THEORIES
The French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution that faced with the end of the era of empires formed a new and centralized state organization. This organization which provides for the formation and development of social and political life is called nation-state. The heterogeneous population existing in the empires is an undesirable phenomenon. The heterogeneous population that exists in the empires is an undesirable phenomenon because the concept of nation forms the basis of its legitimacy and sovereignty power. In other words, the source of the legitimacy and sovereignty of states is the people. To ensure a homogeneous population and to keep this population together, nationalist discourses and nationalist ideologies are used. There is no mention of a single national identity or a theory of nationalism because these discourses and ideologies are shaped by different societies, political regimes, time, or events. Therefore, the concepts of nation or nationalism are complex, and they have different types. Within the framework of this study, the definition, origins, and development of the nation are examined with three different nationalist approaches: primordialism, modernity, and ethno-symbolism.
Antonsich, M., Nations and nationalism, in J. Agnew, V. Mamadouh, A. Secor and J. Sharp (eds.) Companion to Political Geography, Oxford: The Wiley-Blackwell (2015).
Nation and nationalism are two referents which continue to play a major role in how politics and social life are organized. The present article discusses their relevance from two distinct perspectives. Traditional accounts of nation and nationalism have largely focused on the questions of ‘when’ and ‘what’ is a nation, i.e. on the historical origins and substance of the nation, including its civic/ethnic character. Starting from the early 1990s, new approaches have instead privileged the ‘how’ and ‘where’ of a nation, i.e. the ways and the sites in which the nation is reproduced and becomes a relevant resource in people’s lives. The article then focuses on one of the most pressing challenges the nation is facing today, namely the increasing ethno-cultural diversity of its population. Final remarks point to the directions where further research is needed and where political geography can offer an important contribution.
Introduction to Nationhood from Below: Writing the Mass into a Mass Phenomenon
in: Nationhood from Below. Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century, edited by Maarten Van Ginderachter and Marnix Beyen, Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan, pp. 3-22, 2012
By the end of the 1990s, it seemed that virtually everything had been said about the history of nations and nationalism. When the dust settled from the fierce disputes between modernists and primordialists an interpretive consensus seemed to emerge. On the one hand, scholars no longer contested the fundamentally constructed character of nations, yet, on the other, they acknowledged certain limits of such constructivist views. Accordingly, nineteenth-century states and nationalist movements did not invent nations at will and worked with proto-national and ethnic identities. Further, nations had histories; indeed, they underwent processes of construction earlier and in a more complex way than die-hard modernists had previously maintained. In a similar vein, the classic dichotomy between ethnic and civic varieties of nationalism turned out to be less clear-cut than formerly posited. With core conceptual debates laid to rest or mimicking older polemics, nationalism research seemed to have lost its drive. Social scientists had done their work of conceptualizing nationalism, and historians – or so some believed - could confine themselves to describing nationalisms' concrete manifestations. Yet one crucial question had hardly even been seriously asked: what did the nation mean to ordinary people? In the volume 'Nationhood from below', both renowned historians and younger scholars try to answer this question. The chapters relate to a host of present-day countries in Western, Southern, Northern and Central Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Slovenia and Spain. The contributions fall into three main clusters: an introductory section, a number of historiographical survey chapters and a part with case studies.