Efficacy of Sargassum oligocystum Extract on the Innate Immunity of White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Its Resistance Against Vibrio alginolyticus (original) (raw)
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Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2006
The total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory burst were examined when the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (10.42G1.39 g) were immersed in seawater (34&) containing hot-water extract of brown alga Sargassum duplicatum at 100, 300 and 500 mg l ÿ1 , or injected with hot-water extract of S. duplicatum at 2, 6, 10 and 20 mg g ÿ1. These parameters increased significantly when the shrimp were immersed in seawater containing hot-water extract at 300 and 500 mg l ÿ1 after 1 h, or when the shrimp were injected with hot-water extract at 10 and 20 mg g ÿ1 after 1 day. L. vannamei that were injected with hot-water extract at 6, 10 and 20 mg g ÿ1 had increased phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus after 1e6 days. In another experiment, L. vannamei which had been immersed in seawater containing hot-water extract at 100, 300 and 500 mg l ÿ1 , or injected with hot-water extract at 2, 6, 10 or 20 mg g ÿ1 were challenged with V. alginolyticus at 1!10 6 , or 1.4!10 6 colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp ÿ1 , and then placed in seawater. The survival of shrimp that received hot-water extract at either dose was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 2 days, as well as at the termination of the experiment (6 days after the challenge). It is therefore concluded that L. vannamei that were immersed in hot-water extract of S. duplicatum at 300 mg l ÿ1 , or the shrimp that were injected with hot-water extract at 10 mg g ÿ1 or less had increased immune ability as well as resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2005
Haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus were measured in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (12.3 G 1.2 g) which had been fed diets containing sodium alginate at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g kg ÿ1 after five months. L. vannamei fed a diet containing 2.0 g kg ÿ1 sodium alginate had increased phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst and SOD activity, but decreased GPX activity significantly. L. vannamei fed a diet containing 2.0 g kg ÿ1 sodium alginate had increased phagocytic activity and the shrimp fed a diet containing sodium alginate at 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g kg ÿ1 had increased clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus. In another experiment, L. vannamei, which had been fed control diet, or sodium alginate-containing diets after 5 months, were challenged with V. alginolyticus at 2 ! 10 6 colony-forming units (CFU) shrimp ÿ1 and then placed in seawater of 15&. The survival of shrimp fed a diet containing 2.0 g kg ÿ1 after one day, and the survival of shrimp fed diets containing sodium alginate at 0.5 and 1.0 g kg ÿ1 after 2e4 days increased significantly, as compared to that of shrimp fed control diet. It is therefore concluded that administration of sodium alginate in the diet at 2.0 g kg ÿ1 or less could enhance the immune ability of L. vannamei and increase its resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.
Aquaculture, 2007
White shrimp Penaeus vannamei held in 34‰ seawater were injected with tryptic soy broth (TSB)-grown Vibrio alginolyticus (6.2 × 10 5 cfu shrimp − 1), and then placed in water containing different concentrations of sulfide at 0 (control), 48, 111, 492 and 1026 μg l − 1 , respectively. After 48-144 h, mortality of V. alginolyticus-injected shrimp exposed to = or N ∼ 490 μg l − 1 sulfide was significantly higher than that in the control solution. In another experiment, P. vannamei which had been exposed to 0, 49, 105, 488 and 967 μg l − 1 sulfide for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h were examined for immune parameters, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency of V. alginolyticus. Sulfide concentrations = or N ∼ 490 μg l − 1 for 24 h resulted in decreased hyaline cell count, total haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity and bacterial clearance efficiency, whereas a sulfide concentration at = N ∼ 490 μg l − 1 for 24 h caused a significant increase in respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase activity of P. vannamei. It is concluded that concentrations of sulfide = or N ∼ 490 μg l − 1 increased the susceptibility of P. vannamei against V. alginolyticus infection by a depression in immune ability.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2007
The total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory burst were examined when white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were immersed in seawater (34&) containing hot-water extract of red alga Gelidium amansii at 200, 400 and 600 mg l À1 , injected with hot-water extract at 4 and 6 mg g À1 shrimp, and fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg À1. These parameters increased significantly when shrimp were immersed in seawater containing hot-water extract at 400 and 600 mg l À1 after 1 h, when shrimp were injected with hot-water extract at 6 mg g À1 shrimp after one day, and when shrimp were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 1.0 and 2.0 g kg À1 after 14 days. Phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency were significantly higher for the shrimp that were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 1.0 and 2.0 g kg À1 than those of shrimp that were fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0 and 0.5 g kg À1 after 14 and 28 days. In a separate experiment, L. vannamei which had received hot-water extract via injection, or fed diets containing hot-water extract, were challenged after 3 h or 28 days with V. alginolyticus at 2 Â 10 6 cfu shrimp À1 and 1 Â 10 6 cfu shrimp À1 , respectively, and then placed in seawater. The survival of shrimp that were injected with hot-water extract at 6 mg g À1 was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 1 day, and the survival of shrimp fed diets containing hot-water extract at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g kg À1 increased significantly after 3 days as well as at the end of the experiment (6 days after the challenge), respectively. It was concluded that L. vannamei that were immersed in hot-water extract at 400 mg l À1 , injected with hot-water extract at 6 mg g À1 shrimp, and fed hot-water extract of G. amansii at 2.0 g kg À1 or less showed increased immune ability as well as resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2004
The total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion), superoxide dismutase activity, phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to the pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus were measured when the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (9.4e11.3 g) were injected individually with sodium alginate at 10, 20 or 50 mg g ÿ1 . No significant differences in THC, DHC and superoxide dismutase activity were observed among the shrimp injected with saline and those injected with sodium alginate at 10, 20 or 50 mg g ÿ1 . However, L. vannamei injected with sodium alginate at 20 mg g ÿ1 increased its phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst after 2 days and one day, respectively. L. vannamei injected with sodium alginate at 50 mg g ÿ1 maintained a higher phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus after 4 days. In another experiment, L. vannamei which had been injected with sodium alginate, were challenged with V. alginolyticus at 2!10 5 colonyforming units (CFU) shrimp ÿ1 and then placed in seawater of 34&. The survival of shrimp that received sodium alginate at either dose was significantly higher than that of control shrimp at the termination of the experiment (6 days after the challenge). It is therefore concluded that L. vannamei received sodium alginate at 10 mg g ÿ1 or more and increased its immune ability and resistance from V. alginolyticus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 17 (2004) 41e51 www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi V. damsela [2], V. harveyi [3], V. parahaemolyticus [4], and V. vulnificus [5], and viruses like monodon baculovirus (MBV) [6], white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) [7], infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) [8], yellow head virus (YHV) [9] and Taura syndrome virus (TSV) [10] in Taiwan. Consequently, the total farmed production of penaeid shrimp declined from 82,598 ton in 1987 to 8878 ton in 2001.
Aquaculture, 2008
The susceptibility, physiological and immune responses of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, under challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus were investigated for a 72-h period. The survival of shrimp challenged with V. alginolyticus was 86.7, 75.6, 57.8, 54.4, 48.9 and 44.4% after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h, respectively. No significant differences in immune parameters were observed among the control shrimp injected with saline during 72 h. However, the total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase (PO), superoxide dimutase (SOD) activities, and respiratory bursts were decreased with V. alginolyticus challenged with V. alginolyticus after 12 h. The physiological parameters of hemolymph glucose, lactate, and lipid contents increased, and peaked at 36 h after infection. The challenge with V. alginolyticus augmented the magnitudes of the hyperglycemic, hyperlacticemic, and hyperlipidemic responses, following the same trends of the changes in the control shrimp. The observations of this study show that the Pacific white shrimp P. vannamei immune parameters of THC, phenoloxidase activity and respiratory burst, and physiological parameters of glucose, lactate, and lipids were changed due to infection by V. alginolyticus. In addition, hemolymph glucose and lipid were only significantly correlated with SOD activities, while the hemolymph lactate was found to be highly correlated with all the immune parameters examined, except the THC.
Aquaculture, 2005
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei held in 25x seawater at 27 8C or 28 8C were injected with TSB-grown Vibrio alginolyticus at 1 Â10 4 colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp À 1 or 1 Â10 5 cfu shrimp À 1 , and then cultivated onward at water temperatures varying from 20 to 34 8C. Over 24-144 h, mortality of V. alginolyticus-injected shrimp held at 34 8C or 32 8C was significantly higher than that of shrimp held at lower temperatures. In a separate experiment, shrimp held in 25x seawater at 28 8C and then cultured onward at 20 to 32 8C were examined for immune parameters at 24-96 h. THC, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst, and SOD activity decreased significantly at 24 h after transfer to 32 8C. Shrimp held in 25x seawater at 27 8C and then cultured onward at 20 to 34 8C showed a significant reduction in phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency for V. alginolyticus at 24 h after transfer to 34 8C. It was concluded that transfer of shrimp from 27 or 28 8C to higher temperatures (32 and 34 8C) reduced their immune capability and decreased resistance to V. alginolyticus infection.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2008
The haemocyte count, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, specific a 2-macroglobulin (a2-M) activity, respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, phagocytic activity, and clearance efficiency against Vibrio alginolyticus were examined when the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (10.42 AE 2.0 g) were immersed in seawater (34&) containing different concentrations of saponin (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg L À1) for 24, 48 and 72 h. Hyaline cells (HC), the total haemocyte count (THC), specific a2-M activity, respiratory burst, SOD activity, and GPx activity directly increased with the saponin concentration, whereas PO activity was inversely related to the saponin concentration. White shrimp L. vannamei that were immersed in saponin at 1 and 2 mg L À1 showed increased phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency to V. alginolyticus over 48e72 h. In another experiment, shrimp immersed in seawater containing different concentrations of saponin after 72 h were challenged with V. alginolyticus at 3.2 Â 10 5 colony-forming units (cfu) shrimp À1 , and then placed in seawater. The survival rate of shrimp immersed in seawater containing saponin at either dose was significantly higher than that of control shrimp after 12 h, as well as at the termination of the experiment (5 days after the challenge). It was therefore concluded that L. vannamei immersed in water containing saponin at 2 mg L À1 or less exhibited an immunomodulatory effect, as well as protection against V. alginolyticus infection.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2018
White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei haemocytes receiving immunostimulating Sargassum oligocystum extract (SE) caused necrosis in haemocyte cells, which released endogenous EM-SE molecules. This study examined the immune response of white shrimp L. vannamei receiving SE and EM-SE in vitro and in vivo. Shrimp haemocytes receiving SE exhibited degranulation, changes in cell size and cell viability, necrosis and a release of EM-SE. Shrimp haemocytes receiving SE, EM-SE, and the SE + EM-SE mixture (SE + EM-SE) increased their phenoloxidase (PO) activity which was significantly higher in shrimp haemocytes receiving the SE + EM-SE mixture. Furthermore, shrimp haemocytes receiving EM-SE showed degranulation and changes in cell size and cell viability. Shrimp receiving SE, EM-SE, and SE + EM-SE all increased their immune parameters, phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency and resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus, being significantly higher in shrimp receiving SE + EM-SE. Meanwhile, the recombinant lipopolysaccharide-and β-1,3-glucan binding protein of L. vannamei (rLvLGBP) was bound to SE, EM-SE, and SE + EM-SE. We conclude that in shrimp haemocytes receiving a nonself molecule, SE in dying cells released EM-SE which led to downstream activation and synergization of the immune response. This study demonstrated that the innate immunity of shrimp was elicited and enhanced by a mixture of endogenous molecules and exogenous substances (or immunostimulants).
SpringerPlus, 2013
The Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) of Vibrio alginolyticus cell wall was administered intramuscularly (IM) to the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) at 10, 20, 30 μg/kg bw. After 14 days infection, the tiger shrimps were challenged with 10 7 bacterial density of Vibrio harveyi for 24 hours. The total haemocyte count (THC), differential haemocyte count (DHC) and amount of total protein plasma (TPP), superoxide dismutase and protease enzyme activity were monitored. The results showed that intramuscular administration of OMP enhanced an immunomodulatory effect and protection against V. harveyi. The beneficial effect of OMP on the tiger shrimp is dose-dependent and OMP-20 μg/kg bw is an optimal dose after two times of boosters for 14 days against V. harveyi infection.