Poverty in Perú (original) (raw)
Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 2009
we try to do at the ILD [the Institute for Liberty and Democracy] is build up a legal system of property that is based on the realities already on the ground.' Hernando DE SOTO (interview by Jeremy Clift 1) 'And so formal property is this extraordinary thing, much bigger than simple ownership.' Hernando DE SOTO 2 'How much security of tenure is enough? There was a time when (World) Bank task managers would have been comfortable with nothing less than full private ownership, with all the freedom of action that confers. However, experience and research have in recent years provided evidence that use rights, customary rights and leasehold rights can provide farmers with security of tenure sufficient to their needs.
The Many Dimensions of Deprivation in Peru: theoretical debates and empirical evidence
This paper aims at evaluating the empirical consequences of the theoretical debate on the nature of poverty, focusing in particular on the differences between Sen's capability approach and the mainstream monetary approach. The empirical analysis is performed using data from the ENNIV 1994 survey from Peru. Beginning with a brief review of the main issues emerging from the theoretical debate on the definition of poverty, a framework for comparing capability based and consumption based approaches is presented. A descriptive analysis of the various dimensions of deprivation is performed and the determinants of shortfall in basic capabilities are then modelled through 'capability production functions'. This analysis aims at identifying the relationship between monetary resources and individual achievements by testing for the significance and size of the 'parametric variations' which are at the core of Sen's argument against identifying poverty with monetary indic...
Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education, 2004
Hernando de Soto's global bestseller , The Mystery of Capital, has transformed the previously obscure topic of land titling into an apparent cure for the world's ills. His achievement has been to focus attention on the relationship between sustainable capitalist economic development and the need of the Third World poor for secure land tenure. He challenges lawyers (and other professionals concerned with land management) to recognize the centrality of land to issues of social justice and development. The article links de Soto's call for integrated property systems with current cross-disciplinary academic discourses on urban law and development and postcolonialism. Specific themes (illustrated with country examples) are cadastral reform (Southern Africa), adverse possession (Israel/Palestine) and usucapio (Brazil), the relationship of customary and individual land tenure (Botswana), and land assembly and infrastructure provision for urban development (land readjustment in Japan and India). Keywords De Soto, land titling, urban development, indigenous land rights, adverse possession, usucapio, land readjustment 'government at all levels and civil society must be involved in working with the disadvantaged and the poor, removing obstacles to their obtaining land, and developing innovative mechanisms, instruments and institutions to help them obtain access to land and security of tenure via the market. Governments must also desist from actions that penalize such persons and lessen their opportunities to obtain and hold onto land.' (McAuslan 2002: 26) The Habitat II agenda focusses upon the fast-growing urban areas of the developing world. It is estimated that by the year 2025 80 per cent of the world's urban population will live in developing countries, many of them under conditions of extreme poverty and tenure insecurity, and about half of the world's population (three billion people) now live in urban areas. Various books, especially of collected papers, on the legal aspects of urban poverty have followed Habitat II (notably Fernandes and Varley 1998; Durand-Lasserve and Royston 2002; Payne 2002). The boundaries between urban and rural are being eroded, and a 'changing conceptual landscape' is emerging which recognizes the importance of the 'peri-urban' as an intermediate zone between urban and rural. Peri-urban areas are places of risk and opportunity, characterized by institutional fragmentation, mixed land uses, opportunities for multiple livelihoods, fragmented land holdings, fragmented social structure, and rapid change (Adell 1999; Brook and Davila 2000). The World Bank, USAID and other agencies were already committed to a framework of secure, transparent and enforceable property rights, perceived as a critical precondition for investment, economic growth and poverty alleviation (Deininger and Binswanger 1999; USAID 2002). The linkages between land titling and urban or peri-urban development in the Third World remained, however, a largely closed discourse within communities of development policy-makers and academics until the dramatic response to Hernando de Soto's book, The Mystery of Capital (De Soto 2000). The Peruvian economist's previous book, The Other Path (De Soto 1989), attacking the oppressive effect upon the poor of exclusionary laws and regulations devised in the colonial era, was a bestseller , but overtaken by The Mystery of Capital. De Soto himself is 'The Mystery of Legal Failure: Why Property Law Does Not Work Outside the West' This is the title of Chapter 6 of The Mystery of Capital, in which de Soto accuses lawyers of adhering to traditional processes, defending the status quo and sabotaging the expansion of capitalism: 'their knee-jerk reaction to extralegal behaviour and to large-scale change is generally hostile' (p.210). He calls for reformminded lawyers to organize themselves and influence political decision-making, and the concept of a propoor urban law is in itself a challenge to how lawyers are educated. While he has little to say about British or Commonwealth law, one section of his book (within his chapter on the United States) is entitled: 'Leaving behind Antiquated British Law'. British land and property law has been seen as difficult and complex, the preserve of specialists: in the rather bleak words of one specialist, taking 'a lifetime to master and when mastered is but lean, wasteful and barren learning'(a reformer in 1919, quoted in Simpson 1976: 24). The de Soto thesis would require property lawyers to look beyond their own construction of professional knowledge, and academic/professional networks have begun to emerge, such as the International Research Group on Law and Urban Space (IRGLUS), as part of a general widening of legal studies into theory, policy and cross-disciplinary approaches (Mansell, Meteyard et al. 1999). Much of the research on urbanization and the Third World poor has been undertaken by other disciplines, social scientists rather than lawyers, hence the title of McAuslan's latest book on the role of law in urban land reform, 'Bringing the law back in' (McAuslan 2003). The practice of land management includes not only lawyers, but other professions (such as valuers, planners, architects, land surveyors, archaeologists and ecologists) who may also have stakes in the reform of land law. Postcolonialism and globalization theory has provided new perspectives for the law and development movement, and socio-legal studies on the Third World. Legal systems have been among the most enduring
An Economic Theory Perspective for the Fight Against Poverty in the Peruvian Andes
Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal
The fight against poverty in the Peruvian Andes is a complex task in which various professionals, such as engineers, economists, anthropologists, among others, participate. The uncertainty of the decisions taken today, no matter how appropriate they may seem, such as million-dollar investments in irrigation infrastructure, can result in overproduction and, therefore, in economic recessions. For this reason, a new mathematical simulation model is proposed using system dynamics to predict recession phenomena that can occur in months or after a few years of auspicious economic growth, and that can cause sales prices to be below production costs. The author has developed the conceptualization of the production system of irrigation improvement projects in several years of multidisciplinary work in the Cusco region of Peru. The primary objective of irrigation projects is to improve the socio-economic conditions of the farmer. Techniques as the fulfillment of goals have been used to quantify qualitative dimensions such as strengthening organizations and trainings that are key to guaranteeing irrigation improvement projects' sustainability in the long term. Therefore, it has been possible to identify the variables and relationships of this type of socio-economic system. To validate the model, we verified that the simulated data are consistent with the historical data collected. Likewise, if the values of the various proposed models' variables are adequately modified, these can be applied to other types of production systems under different market conditions. The dimensions addressed, such as supply, demand, sale price, land, production volume, public budget, etc., enhance the research's importance, making the simulation model formally expressed also acquire nuances from economic theory for the fight against poverty-based on water. One of the study's conclusions is to understand the production systems, it is necessary to see them in the context of their regional economy's behavior.
The urban poor in Latin America
2005
has very high rates of homeownership 3.2 Homeownership has been stagnant or fell in the 1990s for the poorest 3.3 Only about half of poor homeowners have formal title to their homes or their property 3.4 High average access to water obfuscates the situation of the poor 4.1 Urban violence in Latin America and the Caribbean takes many forms. 4.2 Violence imposes significant costs on Latin America 4.3 A variety of approaches and interventions are used to reduce urban violence 4.4 The Khayelitsha Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading Project includes many components 4.5 Budget allocations in violence reduction projects funded by the Inter-American Development Bank vary 4.6 Colombia and Guatemala have tried to reduce violence by increasing capital 4A.1 Categories of Violence 4A.2 Types and Sources of Violence Data 4A.3 Incidence of Sexual Abuse of Women in Selected Latin American Cities 4A.4 Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising ix CONTENTS 69 92 96 141 152 155 4A.5 Features of Inter-American Development Bank Projects to Reduce Violence in Four Latin American Countries 5.1 Health indicators in rural and urban areas of Peru, 1997 5.2 Correlation between illness and poverty-related factors in Cali, Colombia, 1999 8.1 The pension system in urban Peru is highly regressive-and has become more so over time 8.2 Noncontributory assistance pensions in Latin America cover a significant proportion of pension recipients 8A.