Characterization of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tropical Coastal Water of Sabah, Borneo (original) (raw)
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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2009
On 27 July 2003, Tasman Spirit spilled 31,000 tonnes of crude oil into the sea at the Karachi coast. This disaster badly affected the marine life (Flora and Fauna.) Present research has been proposed to ascertain the level of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in different fisheries including Fishes, Crustaceans; Crabs and Shrimps, Mollusks and Echinoderms along with passing time. Heavier components of crude oil such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) appear to cause most damages as these are relatively unreactive and persist in water. High concentrations of toxic PAHs were observed in all the fisheries and shellfishes caught form oil-impacted area. In this study fishes were found most contaminated than shellfishes i.e. ∑ 16 PAH = 1821.24 μg/g and ∑ 1164.34 μg/g, respectively. Naphthalene was found in the range of 0.042–602.23 μg/g. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene were detected in the range 0.008–80.03 μg/g, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene 0.0008–221.32 μg/g, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a) pyrene 0.0005–7.71 μg/g, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.02–503.7 μg/g. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracenre was not detected in any specie.
Marine Chemistry, 1981
Awad, H., 1981. Comparative studies on analytical methods for the assessment of petroleum contamination in the marine environment. II. Gas chromatographic analyses. Mar. Chem., 10: 417-430. Although determinations of hydrocarbons in the marine environment are usually based on the same analytical steps, i.e. organic solvent extraction, column chromatographic purification, and hydrocarbon detection and identification; variations in equipment and solvent systems used in the extraction step, and also in the columns for purification and analysis, seriously impaired the development of a consistent data base concerning oil pollution on a global scale. Many authors and conferences emphasized the need, in this field, for a comparative study on the efficiency of various published analytical techniques. Fifteen techniques with 24 applications were chosen and applied to a fixed weight of uniform samples of sediments, mussels, fish, shrimps and green algae. The final hydrocarbon extracts were analyzed individually on a 2 m stainless-steel packed column (SE 30). The results obtained from this work showed considerable variations in the efficiency of different techniques from identical samples. The hydrocarbon yields varied from 94 to 1.4ppm in sediments, from 40 to 9ppm in mussels; from 216 to 1.3ppm in fish; from 8.3 to 3.1 ppm in shrimps; and from 343 to 273ppm in algae, all relative to wet weight of the samples. The gas chromatograms of the hydrocarbons obtained were found to be quite different with regard to peak intensities and distributions. This means that hydrocarbons obtained by the application of different techniques varied in their compositions and relative concentrations of their constituents. These results confirm what was already obtained and discussed previously using spectrofluorometric analyses. It can be concluded that it is necessary to establish a standard technique for the preparation of marine samples, for extraction and purification of the hydrocarbon extracts which should be applied by all laboratories specializing in this field.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2012
The levels of selected organic markers, such as 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 of which are classified as priority pollutants by the US-EPA, perylene, aliphatic hydrocarbons (linear alkanes) and petroleum biomarkers (hopanes and steranes) were assessed in Mytella charruana, a common bivalve mollusk from the convergence of the Mundaú Lagoon, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. The organic markers were evaluated in three campaigns (Jul/2006, Oct/2007 and Feb/2008) aiming to identify pollution sources, understand their status of contamination and determine baseline data looking for future management strategies. Higher Σ16HPAs concentration was observed in organisms with 10-30 mm (80% of the total mass of organisms from Mundaú Lagoon) collected in Feb/2008, whereas in individuals with 30-40 mm, the PAH concentrations were higher during Jul/2006 and Oct/2007. The sugarcane burning in Maceió-AL occurs between October and March. The Flt/(Flt + Py) and BaA/(BaA + Chry) ratios in Feb/2008 indicated a combustion process source. The PAH concentrations in Mytella charruana are below of the limit value considered by the WHO (10 ng g −1 for BaP). However, the results suggest that the sugarcane burning process lead to higher PAH concentrations in these organisms in Feb/2008. Many samples showed significant contamination by petroleum biomarkers, hopanes and steranes. Also, the aliphatic hydrocarbon chromatographic profiles were characteristic of petrogenic sources. The hydrocarbons measured in Mytella charruana from Mundaú Lagoon seems to be impacted by PAH in sugarcane burning periods. On the other hand, urban residues and fishing boats could be pointed as important petrogenic sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the same bivalve mollusk.
This work was carried out to assess the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) in selected fish species. Concentrations of PAHs were determined in edible tissues of selected important seafood's (Tilapia queneesis and Liza falcipinis) collected from three coastal water of OgoniLand, namely, Kaa, B-Dere and Bodo City. PAHs levels in the samples were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The Average concentrations of these PAHs ranged from below detection limit of 0.0001 to 120 ± 1.18 µg/kg wet wt. in Tilapia queneesis and from 0.0001 to 78.6 ± 1.28 µg/kg wet wt. in Liza falcipinis. The highest average concentration of 120±1.18 µg/kg wet wt. was recorded for Benzo[b] Fluoranthene from Bodo City. Total PAH concentrations in Tilapia queneesis from Kaa were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than total PAHs concentrations in fish from B-Dere. Between the two fish species, Tilapia queneesis accumulated significantly higher concentrations (P < 0.05) of total PAHs. High molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) were generally predominant compared to low molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs). The LMW-PAH/HMW-PAH ratio was < 1 for species, indicating anthropogenic, and origin of PAHs in the OgoniLand coastal environment. With the exception of Tilapia queneesis from Kaa, Bodo City and Liza falcipinis from Kaa, benzo[a]pyrene concentrations in the fish samples analyzed exceeded the EU recommended limit of 2 µg/kg wet wt. for fish. The estimated carcinogenic potency equivalent concentrations exceeded the screening value for both species from all the study areas, indicating significant carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of these fishes.
Journal of Health and Pollution
Background. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic contaminants and pose health risks to humans and the ecosystem due to their persistence in the environment. Objectives. This study determined the concentrations of PAHs in sediment, two species of fish (Drepane africana and Pomadasys jubelini), crabs (Callinectes amnicola) and shrimps (Penaeus notialis) around the Atlas Cove jetty, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were extracted from fish, shrimp, and crabs that were purchased from local fishermen. Sediments were collected at five locations impacted by ship movement and cargo offloading around the Atlas Cove jetty during the period of June to August 2016, using standard methods. Potential toxicity of PAHs in the sediments on the surrounding aquatic organisms was assessed. The PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Human health risk assessment was calculated from biota using dietary daily intake and carcinogenic potencies of...
Bulletin of environmental …, 2007
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected and quantified in recent marine sediments and selected species from fishes, bivalves and crustaceans of Abu Qir Bay during the period January-October 2004. Nineteen sampling stations were chosen to collect sediment samples covering almost the Bay area. Total PAHs found in the surficial bottom sediments of the Bay were identified in moderate values ranging between 69 and 1,464 ng/g dry weights. The distribution pattern of these compounds showed the availability of most di, tri-and tetra aromatics in the Bay area in addition to their alkyl derivatives. High molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons of five or more ring were detected everywhere in the Bay sediments. Certain number of pairs of isomer PAH concentrations are used for five origin molecular indices to identify the PAH concentration sources in the sediments of the Bay: Fluo/Py, Fluo/[Fluo + Py], LMW/HMW, BbF/BaP and BkF/BaP. Abu Qir Bay sediment samples were contaminated mainly by pyrolytic and petrogenic contaminations with strong pyrolytic inputs in the southwestern basin, while the northeastern area of the Bay is contaminated mainly by petrogenic PAHs. The studied biota samples of the Bay revealed levels of moderately contaminated specimens with total PAHs, while the carcinogenic PAH, benzo(a)pyrene were detected in most biological samples in levels ranged between 30.3 and 358 ng/g with an average of 152.4 ng/g should be taken into consideration.