Sleep Tendency and Ability to Sustain Wakefulness (original) (raw)
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2000
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The Role of Sleep in the Military
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012
Military operations span a wide spectrum ranging from basic military training and education, through military operations other than war (MOOTW), to war itself. By their very nature, military operations are conducted under tremendously stressful conditions. Individuals in military settings are under pressure to continue to conduct operations when quality sleep may be a rare commodity-and sometimes, they are asked to perform without any sleep at all. Th eir duties expose them to life-and-death situations in environmentally hostile conditions that may even include facing enemy combatants. While the impact of fatigue is not restricted to the military, the combined eff ects of a multitude of acute and chronic stressors-including severe sleep restriction-make the military population both unique and relevant to study when exploring the range and limits of human performance. An Overview of Sleep Th is fi rst section of the chapter provides the rationale and scientifi c justifi cation for the entirety of the program of research that follows. It begins with a discussion of circadian rhythms and the requirement for sleep in humans. It then provides a short tutorial on sleep architecture that describes the function and purpose of various stages of sleep. Th is introductory sleep overview concludes with a summary of the eff ects of restricted sleep on various kinds of human performance. Circadian Rhythms and Requirements for Sleep in Humans Human alertness waxes and wanes in a highly predictable manner over the course of a 24-hour day. Known as the circadian cycle (circa = about, dies = day), this pattern occurs naturally and is
Prevention of fatigue and insomnia in shift workers—a review of non-pharmacological measures
EPMA Journal, 2016
Background: Excessive fatigue and insomnia are common among shift workers and can lead to negative effects such as reduced work performance, processing errors, accidents at work, absenteeism, reduced quality of life, and symptoms of depression. Moreover, work in rotating shifts can be a risk factor for different somatic and psychiatric diseases and may contribute to poor health, especially in elder adults and women. This review aims to show non-pharmacological preventive measures against fatigue and insomnia in shift workers. Method: Computerized literature searches in MedLine and in the Cochrane Library were performed with the following key words: shift work disorder, fatigue, insomnia, shift work, measures, treatment, therapy, strategies and coping. The search was limited to non-pharmacological studies that were conducted on human subjects and published as English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals since 1970. Additional studies were identified through the reference sections of relevant articles. Eighteen articles on fatigue in shift workers, including six original research articles with a total sample size of 3504 probands consisting of industrial workers, office employees, aircraft maintenance engineers, and non-shift workers working in simulated shifts, were analyzed, as well as seven articles on insomnia, including an original research article with a sample size of 26 media workers. Also, 4 reviews on shift work disorder were analyzed. Main: The occurrence of fatigue and insomnia in shift workers associated with a working period is described as shift work disorder. Estimations on the prevalence of shift work disorder in shift workers vary between 5 % and about 20 %; about one in three shift workers is affected by insomnia and up to 90 % of shift workers report regular fatigue and sleepiness at the workplace. We concluded that there is a necessity for treatments to improve the sleep quality of the shift working population. The most common non-pharmacological recommendations to improve sleep quality and to reduce insomnia and fatigue were scheduling, bright light exposure, napping, psychoeducation for sleep hygiene, and cognitive-behavioral measures. Conclusion: Some important preventive coping strategies for fatigue associated with shift work such as napping and exposure to bright light have already been investigated and are generally approved. A few studies also provide good evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of chronic primary and comorbid insomnia. These coping strategies summarized in this paper should be considered in the workplace health promotion programs of each work environment to improve working conditions for shift workers and to save money.
Fatigue, Sleepiness, and Safety
Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2013
In normal physiology, fatigue may be weakness (or weariness) from repeated exertion or a decreased response of cells, tissues, or organs after excessive stimulation, stress, or activity. Sleepiness plays a major role in nonpathological forms of mental fatigue. A thorough sleep history is an essential part of any fatigue risk-management program. Increasingly sophisticated computerized detection, monitoring, and surveillance systems provide the opportunity to engineer new solutions to old problems.
Sleep and Breathing, 2020
Purpose: To measure the effect of a 2-day sleepcoaching seminar on daytime sleepiness and sleep-related variables of shift workers employed in an Austrian railway company (ÖBB: Österreichische Bundesbahnen). Method: Participants filled in pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, containing items of the PSQI and the ESS, questions about chronotype, personality factors and possible burnout risk factors. About 30 shift workers, working in shifts for more than 300 months on average (28 male; mean age = 24 ± 45.90, age range 24–56 years) voluntarily took part in the investigation twice. Sleep coaching by Holzinger and KloeschTM (SC) is a new holistic approach for non-pharmacological treatment of non- restorative sleep and is based on Gestalt therapy. It includes psychotherapeutic aspects, which enable clients to improve their sleep quality by developing one’s own coping strategies which can be implemented in daily routine. Dream work and relaxation techniques are also part of the programme. Results: The 2-day SC seminar was beneficial by focusing on the sleep problems related to shift work. A significant improvement of the global PSQI score and the PSQI variables subjective sleep quality, diurnal fatigue, and sleep latency was achieved, with a medium effect size. However, the programme did not result in the reduction of daytime sleepiness (ESS). Six more variables did not change significantly. Conclusion: While some sleep problems related to shift work were successfully addressed by SC, daytime sleepiness (ESS) could not be reduced contrary to our expectations. More research with a greater sample and a longitudinal design is needed to examine the long-term effects of SC.
Industrial Health, 2004
Two types of methods based on a particular principle allow enhancing and sustaining workers' alertness all along their night work. The first one rather consists in arousing workers by exposing them to stimulant environment conditions (light or noise…) or by giving them natural or pharmacological reactivating substances (caffeine or amphetamines…) for example. The second principle consists in increasing workers' possibilities for resting and allowing them to have short sleep periods or Short Rest Periods (SRP) in an adapted area at the workplace. In order to use these techniques in real work situations, after a critical review taking into account both efficiency, advantages and disadvantages but also applicability and acceptability, the SRP technique stands out as the most efficient method as it has a certain number of advantages with regard to our initial objective.
Managing fatigue: It's about sleep
Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2005
Fatigue has increasingly been viewed by society as a safety hazard. This has lead to increased regulation of fatigue by governments. The most common control process has been compliance with prescriptive hours of service (HOS) rule sets. Despite the frequent use of prescriptive rule sets, there is an emerging consensus that they are an ineffective hazard control, based on poor scientific defensibility and lack of operational flexibility. In exploring potential alternatives, we propose a shift from prescriptive HOS limitations toward a broader Safety management system (SMS) approach. Rather than limiting HOS, this approach provides multiple layers of defence, whereby fatigue-related incidents are the final layer of many in an error trajectory.