Sleep Tendency and Ability to Sustain Wakefulness (original) (raw)
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Abstract
AI
This paper examines individual differences in sleep propensity and the ability to maintain wakefulness during irregular work schedules, particularly in military contexts. It highlights the significance of sleepability and wakeability assessments for personnel selection, emphasizing the critical role of managing sleep debt and circadian rhythms to enhance operational performance.
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Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2013
In normal physiology, fatigue may be weakness (or weariness) from repeated exertion or a decreased response of cells, tissues, or organs after excessive stimulation, stress, or activity. Sleepiness plays a major role in nonpathological forms of mental fatigue. A thorough sleep history is an essential part of any fatigue risk-management program. Increasingly sophisticated computerized detection, monitoring, and surveillance systems provide the opportunity to engineer new solutions to old problems.
Sleep and Breathing, 2020
Purpose: To measure the effect of a 2-day sleepcoaching seminar on daytime sleepiness and sleep-related variables of shift workers employed in an Austrian railway company (ÖBB: Österreichische Bundesbahnen). Method: Participants filled in pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, containing items of the PSQI and the ESS, questions about chronotype, personality factors and possible burnout risk factors. About 30 shift workers, working in shifts for more than 300 months on average (28 male; mean age = 24 ± 45.90, age range 24–56 years) voluntarily took part in the investigation twice. Sleep coaching by Holzinger and KloeschTM (SC) is a new holistic approach for non-pharmacological treatment of non- restorative sleep and is based on Gestalt therapy. It includes psychotherapeutic aspects, which enable clients to improve their sleep quality by developing one’s own coping strategies which can be implemented in daily routine. Dream work and relaxation techniques are also part of the programme. Results: The 2-day SC seminar was beneficial by focusing on the sleep problems related to shift work. A significant improvement of the global PSQI score and the PSQI variables subjective sleep quality, diurnal fatigue, and sleep latency was achieved, with a medium effect size. However, the programme did not result in the reduction of daytime sleepiness (ESS). Six more variables did not change significantly. Conclusion: While some sleep problems related to shift work were successfully addressed by SC, daytime sleepiness (ESS) could not be reduced contrary to our expectations. More research with a greater sample and a longitudinal design is needed to examine the long-term effects of SC.
Industrial Health, 2004
Two types of methods based on a particular principle allow enhancing and sustaining workers' alertness all along their night work. The first one rather consists in arousing workers by exposing them to stimulant environment conditions (light or noise…) or by giving them natural or pharmacological reactivating substances (caffeine or amphetamines…) for example. The second principle consists in increasing workers' possibilities for resting and allowing them to have short sleep periods or Short Rest Periods (SRP) in an adapted area at the workplace. In order to use these techniques in real work situations, after a critical review taking into account both efficiency, advantages and disadvantages but also applicability and acceptability, the SRP technique stands out as the most efficient method as it has a certain number of advantages with regard to our initial objective.
Assessing the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness by Napping Benefits
Sleep and Vigilance, 2020
Purpose Demanding lifestyle characterized by extended working hours, shift work schedules as well as excessive use of mobile gadgets leads to the disruption of the circadian and homeostatic factors affecting the sleep quality of individuals. As consequence, subjects complain of suffering several sleep disorders some of them characterized by inducing excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Currently, the therapeutic approaches for managing EDS include medication, promotion of sleep hygiene, cognitive and behavioral therapy or using of continuous positive airway pressure machine. In this review, we propose the posology of the personalized sleep medicine by the prescription of naps for treating EDS. Methods This review included the online search in PubMed and manual review of articles (basic and clinical trials) of a range of personalized medicine potentially associated to factors of dosage in areas such as nutrition, sports and sleep. Articles in English were identified and subsequently analyzed for consideration for this review. Results Current evidence has demonstrated that naps exert positive outcomes for individuals complaining with EDS. The dosage of naps might follow similar procedures as reported for personalized interventions in diets or exercise programs (by taking the right dose, at the proper time, with a recommended frequency) which have demonstrated successfully results. Conclusions The management of EDS may include the personalized sleep medicine considering the prescription of dosage of naps.
Sleep, 1998
The efficacy of zolpidem-induced prophylactic naps was compared to placebo naps and forced-rest periods for sustaining alertness. Eighteen subjects were exposed to three separate 38-hour periods of continuous wakefulness, each separated by 10 hours of recovery sleep. Three conditions were used: a 2-hour evening nap (at 2100 hours) induced with 10 mg zolpidem tartrate; a 2-hour nap (at 2100 hours) with placebo; and a 2-hour rest break with no sleep. Following the naps or rest period, subjects remained awake for 23 additional hours. A VAS was administered at 1-hour intervals, RTSWs and POMS were administered at 2-hour intervals, and a cognitive task was completed at 4hour intervals. Results indicated the effectiveness of prophylactic naps for sustaining mood, alertness, and performance throughout the final 23 hours of a 39-hour period of sustained operations. Both napping conditions attenuated the decrements normally associated with total sleep deprivation, but the zolpidem nap was the most effective because subjects obtained the most sleep after zolpidem administration. Postnap grogginess persisted for about 2 hours after either the zolpidem or placebo nap, a fact which, despite the overall benefits from prophylactic naps, could compromise performance under operational conditions if insufficient time for awakening is planned.
A dose-response study of total sleep time and the ability to maintain wakefulness
Journal of Sleep Research, 1998
The apparent connection between sleep debt, performance decrements and workplace accidents has generated a need for feasible vigilance tests that focus on the quantification of daytime sleepiness in occupational settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) to acute sleep deprivation of various doses. Eight healthy female volunteers, mean age 28.9 years (range 23-36), participated in this laboratory study. After an adaptation night, the subjects were assigned to four counterbalanced, randomly ordered night sleep conditions. These four conditions allowed for a time in bed (TIB) of 0, 2, 4 or 8 h, producing a total sleep time of 0, 113, 218 and 427 min, respectively. The ability to sustain wakefulness was measured after the TIB period at 11.00 and 17.00 hours by the MWT. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to study the dependence of MWT sleep latencies on the immediately prior TIB period. Both the latency of stage 1 sleep onset and the appearance of slow eye movements reduced significantly with increased sleep loss. The quantitative relationship between the previous total sleep time and the subsequent MWT sleep latencies followed an exponentially decaying function showing a high sensitivity to acute, severe night sleep loss but low sensitivity to less severe sleep restrictions. It is concluded that the MWT seems to be a sensitive method for the estimation of acute sleep deprivation. The test results appear, however, non-linearly related to the earlier sleep debt.
Some practical considerations and policy implications of studies of sleep patterns
Behavioral Medicine, 1996
The companion article suggests a number of issues for policy makers. Federal leg-islators have already been alerted to some of these issues. Scientists with the Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress have reviewed the impact that diurnal variation in sleep and performance have on safety and productivity in a variety of industries worldwide1 and have provided lawmakers with a number of legislative options aimed at limiting loss of life and property. Thus, problems relating to human sleep tendency are being addressed at all levels of our society and government. Among the most challenging public-policy issues are (a) the rate and temporal distribution of human error catastrophes that should be considered unavoidable and normal, (b) the degree to which a person's sleep tendency must rise before it is considered a risk to the person or to the public, and (c) the extent to which human error caused by abnormal or normal levels of sleepiness can be reduced.
The Effects of Napping on Night Shift Performance
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2000
This study represents a collaborative effort between the Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aeromedical Institute and the US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory to investigate the effects of napping on the midnight shift as a potential countermeasure to sleepiness during the shift. The purpose of the present paper was to examine the patterns of performance degradation along with the subjective measures of mood, sleep quality, and sleepiness as a function of napping condition and time on task during the midnight shift. Sixty Air Traffic Control Specialists (ATCSs) were randomly assigned to one of the three midnight shift napping conditions: a long nap (LN) of 2 hours, a short nap (SN) of 45 minutes, and a no nap condition (NN). ATCSs completed a four-day protocol during which they worked three early morning shifts (0700-1500) followed by a rapid rotation to the midnight shift (2300-0700). Subjects completed three 1.5 hour test sessions (one session before the nap and 2 sessions after the nap) during the midnight shift involving two computer-based tasks: 1) the Air Traffic Scenarios Test (ATST), a task developed for selection of ATCSs, and 2) the Bakan, a test of vigilance. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparisons. Both cognitive performance and subjective measures of sleepiness supported the use of naps during the midnight shift. In fact, both the long nap of 2 hours and the short nap of 45 minutes resulted in better performance than no nap on the Bakan test at the end of the midnight shift. A dose-response relationship existed such that the long nap also resulted in better performance than the short nap. The ATST, on the other hand, was much less sensitive to differences in napping condition and even to the natural circadian trough, which would have been expected to affect all groups. Sleepiness ratings on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale suggested that, while sleepiness increased across the midnight shift for all groups, ratings were generally lower for the LN condition and were lower for males in the SN condition, when compared with the NN condition. The present study suggests that naps taken during the midnight shift could be useful as a countermeasure to performance decrement and sleepiness on the midnight shift.
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The Role of Sleep in the Military
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2012
Military operations span a wide spectrum ranging from basic military training and education, through military operations other than war (MOOTW), to war itself. By their very nature, military operations are conducted under tremendously stressful conditions. Individuals in military settings are under pressure to continue to conduct operations when quality sleep may be a rare commodity-and sometimes, they are asked to perform without any sleep at all. Th eir duties expose them to life-and-death situations in environmentally hostile conditions that may even include facing enemy combatants. While the impact of fatigue is not restricted to the military, the combined eff ects of a multitude of acute and chronic stressors-including severe sleep restriction-make the military population both unique and relevant to study when exploring the range and limits of human performance. An Overview of Sleep Th is fi rst section of the chapter provides the rationale and scientifi c justifi cation for the entirety of the program of research that follows. It begins with a discussion of circadian rhythms and the requirement for sleep in humans. It then provides a short tutorial on sleep architecture that describes the function and purpose of various stages of sleep. Th is introductory sleep overview concludes with a summary of the eff ects of restricted sleep on various kinds of human performance. Circadian Rhythms and Requirements for Sleep in Humans Human alertness waxes and wanes in a highly predictable manner over the course of a 24-hour day. Known as the circadian cycle (circa = about, dies = day), this pattern occurs naturally and is
Prevention of fatigue and insomnia in shift workers—a review of non-pharmacological measures
EPMA Journal, 2016
Background: Excessive fatigue and insomnia are common among shift workers and can lead to negative effects such as reduced work performance, processing errors, accidents at work, absenteeism, reduced quality of life, and symptoms of depression. Moreover, work in rotating shifts can be a risk factor for different somatic and psychiatric diseases and may contribute to poor health, especially in elder adults and women. This review aims to show non-pharmacological preventive measures against fatigue and insomnia in shift workers. Method: Computerized literature searches in MedLine and in the Cochrane Library were performed with the following key words: shift work disorder, fatigue, insomnia, shift work, measures, treatment, therapy, strategies and coping. The search was limited to non-pharmacological studies that were conducted on human subjects and published as English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals since 1970. Additional studies were identified through the reference sections of relevant articles. Eighteen articles on fatigue in shift workers, including six original research articles with a total sample size of 3504 probands consisting of industrial workers, office employees, aircraft maintenance engineers, and non-shift workers working in simulated shifts, were analyzed, as well as seven articles on insomnia, including an original research article with a sample size of 26 media workers. Also, 4 reviews on shift work disorder were analyzed. Main: The occurrence of fatigue and insomnia in shift workers associated with a working period is described as shift work disorder. Estimations on the prevalence of shift work disorder in shift workers vary between 5 % and about 20 %; about one in three shift workers is affected by insomnia and up to 90 % of shift workers report regular fatigue and sleepiness at the workplace. We concluded that there is a necessity for treatments to improve the sleep quality of the shift working population. The most common non-pharmacological recommendations to improve sleep quality and to reduce insomnia and fatigue were scheduling, bright light exposure, napping, psychoeducation for sleep hygiene, and cognitive-behavioral measures. Conclusion: Some important preventive coping strategies for fatigue associated with shift work such as napping and exposure to bright light have already been investigated and are generally approved. A few studies also provide good evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of chronic primary and comorbid insomnia. These coping strategies summarized in this paper should be considered in the workplace health promotion programs of each work environment to improve working conditions for shift workers and to save money.
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Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2000
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Sleep Disorders, 2013
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The Contribution of Sleep Medicine to the Assessment of the Tired Patient
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 2000
Tiredness is one of the most common complaints that confront the clinician. Yet the nature of the symptom and its implications for sleep-related disorders is poorly understood. This review provides the clinician with an understanding of the difficulties inherent in assessing the tired patient. The complaint of tiredness is commonly an expression of sleepiness and fatigue that arises as the result of sleep-wake–related disorders. Behavioural and physiological procedures are described in the assessment and management of sleepiness and fatigue in primary sleep disorders and sleep-related medical and psychiatric disorders. Improvement in the diagnosis and management of the fatigued or sleepy patient requires that residents in psychiatry and neurology be exposed to the behavioural and physiological techniques of sleep medicine as part of their post-graduate training programs.
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IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 2019
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