Demography and Migration - from the past to the future (original) (raw)
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International migration into Hungary is markedly differentiated into two types: that due to global migration, and that due to processes ongoing between Hungary and its neighboring countries, the latter which date back a long time. The main characteristic of international migration in Hungary is that the largest part of the immigrant population is of Hungarian nationality. Population movements in the late 1980s and early 1990s made it clear that the demographic processes taking place in the Hungarian linguistic communitydespite the fragmentation occurring in 1918, and nearly 100 years of differentiated development-can only be fully understood if we examine them together as a single process. It is important to recognize that demographic processes within and outside of the current border are similar in nature. All that is happening in Hungary is only one part of the demographic processes of the entire Hungarian language community. The migration processes described in the paper would have a significant impact on the ethnic spatial structure of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin were the number of members of other ethnicities not similarly decreasing. Strengthening the number of people staying in their home country and increasing the number of return migrations and the fertility rate of local Hungarians could all be partial solutions to the problem of population decline.
2013
Although Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is sometimes referred to as a buffer zone (Iglicka 2001) because of its location between the huge Asian continent and Western Europe, it is also an area of intense and diverse migration flows both internal and external. In a broader sense, the region of Central and Eastern Europe may include countries of the Visegrád Group (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia), the states of the former USSR, as well as southern post-communist states, Bulgaria and Romania, and even the states of the former Yugoslavia and Albania (Okólski 2004; Castles, Miller 2003). This extensive list includes both the countries whose accession to the European Union took place between 2004-2013 (the Visegrád Group countries, the Baltic states, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia), as well as countries which are not EU member states. The EU enlargements created a considerable difference between the status of the countries which became part of the EU and the other states of the region, and influenced intra-and extra-regional migration processes. Mobility in CEE should be analysed with reference to the interrelated fundamental social, economic, and political changes taking place in the region. First, notable is the shrinking and aging of the societies in CEE countries, brought about by fertility decline and family breakdown. Second, we must consider existing migration pressure and intensified post-accession emigration. Third, what is specific to the region are the processes of European integration and of the related profound modernisation. All of the above features create a unique combination of migration-related factors. Since the 19 th century CEE countries constituted a traditional reservoir of workers for western countries. This was stopped by the postwar bipolar division of Europe into socialist and capitalist semi-isolated groups of countries. During that period, following the immediate postwar population movements, migration occurred mainly within the Eastern Block and between 'friendly' countries. Emigration to western countries was caused mainly by political and ethnic factors. Economic migration was predominantly illegal. After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the systemic transformation in this part of the world, an opportunity opened up for the residents of Central and Eastern Europe to move freely across the borders and undertake employment (however mostly in the shadow economy) in Western Europe. This had led to the development of migration which Marek Okólski (2012a) described using the term 'incomplete'. Incomplete migration denotes usually short-term (often circular) but not excluding long-term migration characterised by various forms of irregular employment and/or stay, as well as by living 'on hold'. The latter feature occurred due to the lasting tempo
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Hungary, belonging more and more to the prestigious group of developed countries, can be characterised increasingly by the demographic characteristics of that type. Ageing population, decreasing number of live births, decreasing population size are commonly used terms when analysing the demographic profile of our country. This simplified picture can be modulated and coloured with the help of spatial data. In spite of the comparatively small-sized and relatively homogenous structure of Hungary, several differences can be found. The network of small towns could be an obvious and representative sample for the spatial investigations since it almost totally covers the area of Hungary, it is numerous enough but still easy to handle. Within a Hungarian geographical context, settlements having a maximum of 30,000 inhabitants and possessing city rank can be defined as small towns. Because of their size and functions, small towns are sensitive enough to illustrate the national demographic tendencies, but they are numerous enough to be split into different groups according to their remarkably diverse character. Traditional historic small towns widely differ from the ones located in the rapidly urbanising agglomerations, even though the socialist new towns, having similar origin, reflect significant demographic variants.
Migration and Ageing of the Population of the Czech Republic and the EU Countries
Prague Economic Papers, 2010
The population ageing is the main population problem of Europe. Population development may influence the economy and the economy may retrospectively influence population development. The consequences of this process may appear with a delay of several decades and they may have an unfavourable influence on the functioning of the economy and the prosperity of individual European countries. In connection with this, the international migration is often brought up, mainlythe question whether the migration can solve or at least lessen the ramifi cations connected with the decrease in the number of population itself and population ageing. The migration itself israther wide and extensive and cannot be dwelled upon in great detail, ergo we pointed out some of the ground ideas in this article, especially those which are most commonly connected with thedemographic migration.
EMIGRATION AND THE FUTURE OF YOUNG GENERATION IN BACĂU COUNTY, ROMANIA
The approach of this article is to bring forward the long-term consequences of emigration over age population structure, visible in Bacău, which is a county from East Romania. Complexity of this social phenomenon provides us different perspectives of analyze and partial explanations concerning the present demographic situation that Bacău county is facing concerning emigration and its impact on age population structure, taking in count that this county register one of the strongest emigration in Romania. Under economic, political and cultural pressure, people react by trying to find solutions for a better living, as emigration in this case, which has a long term negative impact. Even if it is often seen as an economic privilege, migration, and especially emigration in our case, cause major changes whose cyclical effects are manifested in demographic, social and economic aspects. Therefore, migration is the indirect result of political, economic and social conjecture with worrying implications on population. These implications, already visible in Bacău county, denounce a demographic decline redirected on changing the population age structure translated by a decrease of young population and an increase of old population rate. To reduce the syncope of a descriptive analysis, in this article are used collected data, from National Institute of Statistics, data that are outlined through cartographic method.
The Phenomenon of Migration in Romania
Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series, 2019
Migration is a phenomenon that has existed since ancient times, recording different trends. In Europe, the number regarding migration grew after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of the socialist regimes. In Romania, migration increased after the fall of communism, in 1989. Although there was migration also during the communist period, it was controlled and registered low intensity. In Romania, migration differs according to areas, nationality and country of destination. The purpose of this study is to establish if the migration is related to the nationality and country of destination and to cluster the counties of Romania according to migration.