The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives War, Culture of: The United States and World War II (original) (raw)

A New Categorization of Hollywood War Films

This short piece examines the co-evolution of and the synergy between Hollywood war cinema and American war memorialization in the historical, political and ideological terms of remembrance in order to propose a new, theoretically useful categorization of Hollywood war films. It is a distillation of the arguments to be found in the title chapter of Hollywood Remembrance and American War, edited by Andrew Rayment and Paul Nadasdy, Routledge, 2020, pp.1-38.

Alternative Media and Representations of War

Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks, 2013

A lt er nat i v e M edi a a n d R e pr esen tat ions of Wa r Rulers have been sending soldiers off to war to fight and kill for thousands of years and continue to do so in order to extend their power and control over resources, territory, and trade. However, research done after World War II by US Army Brigadier General S. L. A. Marshall showed that getting soldiers to shoot and kill their fellow men and women is not as natural as war films and statistics might suggest. Marshall found that for every one hundred soldiers fighting in World War II, only 15 or 20 soldiers actually fired their weapons at the enemy (Marshall 1950). At important historical junctures, the refusal to shoot fellow workers has turned into movements and even revolutions. In 1917 soldiers in the Russian army and navy turned their guns around, and the Russian Revolution established the first state run by workers. During Vietnam, so many American soldiers refused to fight, sabotaged orders, or even shot their own officers that the US military could not continue the war. Exploring the issue of social class in the war film has been a virtual taboo. This subject is fraught with radicalism on the chance that soldiers, like Thersites in The Iliad, may discover the mission is not really theirs to fight and die for, that the interests of the empire may not coincide with their own. Since World War II, and especially since Vietnam and the all-volunteer army after 1973, getting Americans to show enthusiasm for war has been problematic. From the very beginning of cinema, some filmmakers-even those in Hollywood-have weighed in on the side of workers in exposing the human and economic toll of war or consciously sought to use media to promote social change. War films have been the sites of ideological contradictions, which were made more sophisticated as media evolved. Whether in the neoconservative Reagan years or the more agitated periods of the first decades of the twenty-first century, mainstream media and films since Vietnam have found a variety of ways to contain the more radical consequences of their representations. Systemic problems raised early in films are, by the end of

World War II Films and Patriotism in America

2015

In American culture, one of the most effective ways to communicate is through the media. The newest films and television shows being released have a large impact on our country's opinions. Therefore, the quickest way to reaffirm or change the public's perspective of a particular topic is by making a film about it. There have been many popular films made about almost every important event in history, but perhaps the most prevalent topic in historical films is World War II. It is especially important to study these films because, as film critic Vincent Canby said, "How war movies are accepted by the public reflects the times in which they're released." 1 Not only is it important to study these for a glimpse into the time they were released but it is also important to see how these films have changed the public's perception of the event being portrayed. Using these films, the directors have demonstrated their opinion on the selected topic, hoping to change the viewer's opinion to more closely fit theirs. Such World War II films have been said to "propound a fundamental American decency and dutifulness that is both poignant and indisputable." 2 It is especially important to study these films in order to see how the films have changed the viewpoint of subsequent

Third-Force Influences: Hollywood's War Films

Parameters, 2017

This article discusses the role of movie images in influencing the public’s perceptions of servicemembers. The implications of these findings are relevant to policymakers responsible for balancing servicemembers’ needs with public perceptions. D to its role during America’s long wars and its effect on perceptions of US military prestige, the entertainment media can be considered one of the third forces—“organizations that can influence the outcome of armed combat.”1 This article explains the ability of combat films to influence civilian and military perceptions of servicemembers and veterans. By understanding Hollywood’s depictions of servicemembers in combat and veterans at home, military leaders can respond better to media-influenced perceptions of military institutions and the people who provide our nation’s defense. The film American Sniper, based on the autobiography of Chris Kyle, a veteran US Navy Seal sniper with 160 officially confirmed kills during four tours in the Iraq W...

Introduction: Media, Technology, and the Culture of Militarism: Watching, Playing and Resisting the War Society

Democratic Communique, 2014

A s this special issue moves into production, the world remembers the centennial of the Great War, which sadly was not the war to end all wars. Instead, WWI gave birth to modern war propaganda and established a "symbiotic relationship" between the media and the military. The art and industry of representing war through various media forms was finely tuned over the course of what became a very bloody 20 th century, and the military conflicts of the present are firmly embedded in the 21 st century media environment. Since 9/11, media studies scholars have analyzed the nexus of the media industry and the military and scrutinized the media products of war which result from this unity. Many military media products invite their subjects to dispassionately watch and interactively play war; some, albeit a few, display signs of resistance to it. Today, critical studies that seek to unravel the ties that bind the media to the military require multiple perspectives, theoretical formulations and material practices. This special issue presents timely scholarship at the forefront of understanding and responding to current trends in media and militarism. The Media War At a safe distance from the actual battles of war, civilians read war stories, hear war broadcasts, watch televised war fictions and play war games. Yet this mediated field of spectacular vision and immersive narrative space is never actual war, but a partial, selective, often simulated and mostly partisan representation of it. It is something that has been constructed, scripted and produced, and over the years scholars have appreciated the disjuncture between war and its media representations and contemplated the consequences of the loss of the real. War itself refers to actual material referents: invasions, occupations, violent conflicts and coups, and the cities, deserts and jungles where people fight, bleed, kill and die. Media images, tropes, themes and myths of war often bear little resemblance to war itself. Philip Taylor contends that each time the U.S. military wages war, two kinds of war occur: an actual war and a "media war." 1 Civilians never see the actual war but instead consume or play media-engineered stories of conflict-a media war. Indeed, the products of this media warnews clips, TV shows, films, video games and digital content-represent America at war to U.S. and world publics in ways that often do not inform or foster empathy but instead rein

Popular Culture and the Military

2020

This chapter consolidates just over 100 books and journal articles at the intersection of the military and popular culture in the social science and humanities studies literature. All studies are English language publications and focus on popular culture and the military in the United States and the United Kingdom. The studies coalesce around 18 distinctive topics known as genres in the popular culture literature. The genres include literature/books, films, television, mass media, music, video games, board games, fashion, photography, and sports. Eight emerging genres include food, technology, graffiti, scandals, social

'Brutal Games: Call of Duty and the Cultural Narrative of World War II

2015

Focusing particularly on Call of Duty: World at War (Activision, 2008), this article considers how the First Person Shooter (FPS) recalibrates three key elements – the citizen soldier, the war as a visual construct and the notion of the ‘Good War’ - within the American cultural narrative of World War II. Given that the FPS is a vital presence within the current mediascape, it is no longer sufficient to focus on film and television when studying mediations of World War II. Analyzing World at War as a simulation reveals not only how the FPS reduces World War II to its most basic components of contested spaces and weaponry, but also that it exposes aspects of the narrative obscured by other mediated representations of the conflict.