C. Metzner-Nebelsick, "Thrako-kimmerische" Fundkomplexe zwischen der Südoststeiermark, Südwest-Transdanubien und Nordkroatien und ihre Bedeutung für die Kulturentwicklung während der frühen Eisenzeit (original) (raw)
Related papers
Bezüge zwischen Thrakien und dem Nordwestpontikum an Hand von Kleinfunden aus Drama, Bulgarien
. In: V. Nikolov/W. Schier (Hrsg.), Der Schwarzmeerraum vom Neolithikum bis in die Früheisenzeit (6000 – 600 v. Chr. Kulturelle Interferenzen in der Zirkumpontischen Zone und Kontakte mit ihren Nachbargebieten. Prähist. Arch. in Südosteuropa 30 (Rahden/Westf. 2016) 243–258., 2016
On the basis of three categories among the small finds unearthed at the settlement hill of Drama-”Merdžumekja”, southeast Bulgaria, connections can be constituted between Thrace and the northwest Pontic. Various motifs on clay stamps (pintaderas), first of all spirals, which occur at Drama and also at other sites in Bulgaria, often appear also in Gumelniţa contexts and in the cultural phenomena in the north and east. Such contacts to these regions become even more obvious regarding the analysis of the second category among the small finds, so-called plaques. They are especially common in the Stoicani-Aldeni group, in Bulgaria, in contrast, they are quite rare; Drama, having yielded over 70 examples of this find category, represents a large exception. Moreover, depictions of the plaques on anthropomorphic figurines give information of a possible former use and the way of wearing them. Also representatives of the third category of small finds, T-shaped bone objects resp. violin idols, are spread supraregionally and occur up to the northwest Pontic. In that way, small finds enable us to trace far-reaching communication systems in these regions during the Copper Age.
Zwischen Italien und Skandinavien – Der hallstattzeitliche Bronzegefäßfund aus dem Schinderfilz-Moor bei Uffing a. Staffelsee, Oberbayern, 2021
Two bronze vessels, a cordoned cist and a cauldron were found in a raised bog called the Schinderfilzmoos near Uffing, Upper Bavaria, in 1865. The best parallels of the type 1 cist belong to the Certosa group focussed on and probably made in Bologna and dated between c. 510 and 380 BC, focusing on the HaD3 period. The cauldron can be assigned to the type Hallstatt was in use at the close of the Hallstatt Period. Comparative finds make it likely that the two bronze vessels, which also have a uniform patina, were originally deposited together in the bog in or shortly after Ha D3. The Schinderfilzmoos near Uffing lies in one of the wealthiest find-scapes of the southern Bavarian Hallstatt period facing the entrance to the crucial Alpine Pass conduit Loisach- Brenner-Eisack-Etsch that connects Bavaria to Italy. Moreover, the bog is embedded in a Landscape characterised by rich Barrows dating between Ha D1-D3, many incorporating sets of bronze vessels. Interestingly, however, this find has an unusual aspect. It is one of the few water/bog hoards that only multi-component vessel-hoard in the western Hallstatt Region. Typically, bronze vessels are mainly deposited in wet contexts in western and northern Europe. There is, however, evidence for metal vessel hoards, mostly incorporating cordoned cists and found in wet sediments or peat in an area stretching from western Hungary over Moravia, western Poland to southern Sweden dating to the late 7th to 5th centuries BC. In summary, the remarkable fact can be established that the community depositing the two bronze vessels in the Schinderfilzmoos followed a sacrificial practice characteristic of eastern Central and Northern Europe. This convergence is no coincidence is suggested by the intensive exchange between eastern and north-eastern Hallstatt groups (the latter also called the Lusatian culture) with the southern German communities, demonstrated in the younger and late Hallstatt period. The reasons why a southern Bavarian community in the late Hallstatt or early Latène period decided to adopt a foreign custom of material sacrifice and to establish a vessel depot in the raised bog near Uffing were certainly complex. One crucial motivation may have been the cultural-geographical border location of the site in the immediate vicinity of the most important Alpine pass for southern Bavaria. Most scholars agree that the intentional sinking of artefacts in water bodies and bogs practised by many prehistoric communities in Europe was linked to the liquid substrate's perceived liminality and inherent ambiguity. Wet and damp contexts were used as a medium to communicate with the other world. This was a complex action associated with the finality of an expression of value and therefore led to the memorisation, denotation and eventual narrative contextualisation of even these most ephemeral of landscape components. This is especially true for moors, which embody an obvious natural boundary situation. Situlae/cists and cauldrons play a key role in procession and symposium based rituals of the late Hallstatt elite. It can be assumed that the laying down of the ribbed cist and cauldron in the Schinderfilzmoos was involved in similarly complex rites.
Siedlungsarchäologie des Endneolithikums und der frühen Bronzezeit/ Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Settlement Archaeology, 2019
Dwellings and settlements in Thuringia from the Final Neolithic period and the Early Bronze Age between 2500 and 1500 BC The millennium during which the transition from the Neolithic period to the Bronze Age took place is very well represented in Thuringia, by both finds and features. The Final Neolithic and to the Early Bronze Age are qually represented in terms of burials, but the same cannot be said for settlements. Only three dozen settlements from the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker Cultures have so far been found, many of which are not, in fact, substantiated; the paper provides a summary of these. The distribution of the sites shows that the physiogeographical requirements of the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker populations were similar. The Únětice settlements, on the other hand, are much more numerous. The 261 substantiated settlement sites allow us to draw concrete conclusions with regard to settlement behaviours of the Únětice Culture population. Since burials and settlements were obviously located near each other at the time, with hoards and isolated finds contributing further to the density of the archaeological record, the authors have been able to carry out a detailed analysis of the layout of the settlements, the areas that were settled and the settlement progress. The paper explores three microregions in detail with a particular emphasis on settlement-geographical aspects. As expected, environmental aspects such as soil quality and climatic conditions were revealed as the dominant factors with regard to the choice of location. The seeking out of black-earth soils in non-waterlogged locations favoured by a warm climate suggests an economic focus on crop cultivation. The year-round availability of water also played a major role. Of lesser importance in the choice of location was the availability of as varied a range of natural resources – wetlands and forests – as possible. However, both ease of access and various social factors, which in some regions led to an increased settlement density, resulted in a picture which is much more multifaceted in its detail. The settlement at Schloßvippach in the Sömmerda district is a good example of the typical internal structure of these settlements. Located on the banks of a small stream, the site consisted of a settlement, a cemetery, a ritual area and infrastructural elements such as paths and wells. Other settlements with more fragmented overall pictures can be added here and provide evidence of the existence of isolated farmsteads as well as hamlet-like settlements.