Comparison of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Water and Clinical Samples: Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genetic Relationships (original) (raw)
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International journal of food microbiology, 2011
Untreated drinking water is frequently overlooked as a source of antibiotic resistance in developed countries. To gain further insight on this topic, we isolated the indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. from water samples collected in wells, fountains and natural springs supplying different communities across Portugal, and characterized their antibiotic resistance profile with both phenotypic and genetic approaches. We found various rates of resistance to seven antibiotic families. Over 50% of the isolates were resistant to at least ciprofloxacin, tetracyclines or quinupristin–dalfopristin and 57% were multidrug resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotics from different families. Multiple enterococcal species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. casseliflavus and other Enterococcus spp) from different water samples harbored genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines, erythromycin or gentamicin [tet(M)-46%, tet(L)-14%, tet(S)-5%, erm(B)-22%, aac(6´)-Ie-aph(2″)-12%] and putative virulence factors [gel-28%, asa1-16%]. The present study positions untreated drinking water within the spectrum of ecological niches that may be reservoirs of or vehicles for antibiotic resistant enterococci/genes. These findings are worthy of attention as spread of antibiotic resistant enterococci to humans and animals through water ingestion cannot be dismissed.►Non-treated human drinking water (NTHDW) has antibiotic resistant (ABR) enterococci. ►Several tet genes, erm(B), aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″) were dispersed in water samples. ►This is one of the few studies of ABR enterococci from NTHDW of developed countries. ►This study adds NTHDW to the environmentally relevant reservoirs of resistant bacteria.
2021
The present study aimed at phenotypic and genotypic detection of Enterococcus and E. faecalis from different water sources and its antimicrobial resistance pattern. A total of 280 numbers of water samples were collected from five different types of sources viz. river, spring, stream, runoff and recreational pool in Aizawl district, Mizoram. Enterococcus and E. faecalis in water samples were detected phenotypically and genotypically by detection of tuf and sodA gene, respectively. The E. faecalis strains were evaluated for in vitro antibiotic sensitivity profile by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assay against a panel of 14 antibiotics. The overall prevalence of Enterococcus was found to be 56.78% contributing to 71.66% in river, 68.33% in run-off, 63.33% in stream, 51.66% in spring and 15% in recreational pool water. The overall prevalence of E. faecalis was 42.14% contributing to 58.33% in river, 50% in stream, 46.66% in runoff and 41.66% in spring water. The E....
2013
The objectives of this study were to detect genes for virulence and bacteriocins in addition to studying the antimicrobial susceptibility of 78 strains of E. faecalis isolated from water wells for human consumption. The virulence and bacteriocin genes of 78 E. faecalis were amplified by PCR and visualized in agarose gels. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined through diffusion agar tests and the MIC through microdilution. It was observed that the major percentage of virulence genes in the E. faecalis strains corresponds to aggA (93.5%). The bacteriocin gene entA (64.1%) is the most frequently detected. The studied strains exhibited different virulence and bacteriocin genes, and an important antibacterial resistance. The most common resistant phenotype (n = 14) corresponds to tetracycline and chloramphenicol and the less frequent (n = 2) to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Eight different genetic profiles were observed for virulence y bacteriocin genes. It was determined a statistical association between the bacterial resistance and some of the genetic profiles detected.
Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2012
This study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. E. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to E. faecium isolates. The virulence traits Cyl-A, Cyl-B, Cyl-M, gel-E, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-E (80% of E. faecalis and 31.9% of E. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of E. faecalis and 70.4% of E. faecium). E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from water had different antibiotic resistance patterns compared to those isolated from clinical samples. Linezolid resistance was not observed in any isolates tested and vancomycin resistance was observed only in clinical isolates. Resistance to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin) was detected in both clinical and water isolates. Clinical isolates were more resistant to all the antibiotics tested compared to water isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more prevalent in clinical isolates (71.2% of E. faecalis and 70.3% of E. faecium) compared to water isolates (only 5.7% E. faecium). tet L and tet M genes were predominantly identified in tetracycline-resistant isolates. All water and clinical isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin contained mutations in the gyrA, parC and pbp5 genes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in all the isolates tested in this study (p < 0.05). The presence of antibiotic resistant enterococci, together with associated virulence traits, in surface recreational water could be a public health risk.
Journal of Bacteriology & Parasitology, 2015
Little information is available on the diversity and distribution of resistance and virulence factors in enterococci isolated from retail fish. In this study, 200 samples of retail ready-to-eat raw fish (sashimi) collected from the Japanese prefecture of Hiroshima were analyzed for incidence of Enterococcus spp. We recovered 96 enterococcal isolates from 90 (45%, 90/200) samples. Fifty-six strains were identified at the species level: E. faecalis (n ¼ 31), E. faecium (n ¼ 7), E. casseliflavus (n ¼ 7), E. gallinarum (n ¼ 3), E. phoeniculicola (n ¼ 4), E. raffinosus (n ¼ 2), E. saccharolyticus (n ¼ 1), and E. gilvus (n ¼ 1). Twenty-five (26%, 25/96) strains carried antibiotic resistance genes. These included the tet(M), tet(L), tet(K), erm(B), msr(A/B), aph(3 0), and blaZ genes, which were detected in 12.5%, 9.3%, 2%, 14.5%, 1%, 1%, and 2% of isolates, respectively. The virulence genes gelE and asa1 were detected in 31 and 24 E. faecalis strains, respectively. Both genes were detected in one E. faecium strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to underscore the importance of sashimi as not only a reservoir of Enterococcus spp. carrying resistance and virulence genes, but also a reservoir for unusual Enterococcus spp.
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2008
Aims: The species identification and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for enterococci isolated from Southern California surface and ocean waters. Methods and Results: Species identification was determined for 1413 presumptive Enterococcus isolates from urban runoff, bay, ocean and sewage water samples. The most frequently isolated species were Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus mundtii. All five of these species were isolated from ocean and bay water with a frequency ranging from 7% to 36%. Enterococcus casseliflavus was the most frequently isolated species in urban runoff making up 36-65% of isolates while E. faecium was the most frequently isolated species in sewage making up 53-78% of isolates. The similar distribution of species in urban runoff and receiving water suggests that urban runoff may be the source of Enterococcus. No vancomycin or high level gentamycin resistance was detected in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates. Conclusions: Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. casseliflavus and E. mundtii are the most commonly isolated Enterococcus species from urban runoff and receiving waters in Southern California. Significance and Impact of the Study: Determination of the Enterococcus species isolated from receiving waters and potential pollution sources may assist in determining the sources of pollution.
Background: Community-acquired urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) could be caused by endogenous or exogenous routes. To show this relationship, we investigated molecular fingerprints and genotypes of paired Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the urine of symptomatic patients and their fecal samples. Results: Out of the studied patients, 63 pairs of E. faecalis isolates were obtained simultaneously from their urine and feces samples. All the strains were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, and daptomycin (MIC value: ≤4 µg/ml), while resistance to tetracycline (Urine: 88.9%; stool: 76,2%) and minocycline (Urine: 87.3%, stool: 71.4%) was detected in most of them. The most common detected virulence genes were included efbA, ace, and gelE. RAPD-PCR and PFGE analyses showed the same patterns of molecular fingerprints between paired of the isolates in 26.9% and 15.8% of the patients, respectively. Conclusions: Similarity of E. faecalis strains between the urine and feces sam...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2008
The intraspecific relationships among a collection of Enterococcus faecium isolates comprising probiotic cultures and human clinical isolates were investigated through the combined use of two high-resolution DNA-fingerprinting techniques. In addition, the incidences of antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits were investigated. A total of 128 E. faecium isolates from human clinical or nonclinical sources or used as probiotic cultures were subjected to fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) fingerprinting and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of SmaI macrorestriction patterns. Susceptibilities to 16 antimicrobial agents were tested using broth microdilution, and the presence of the corresponding resistance genes was investigated using PCR. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the presence of the enterococcal virulence genes asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl. The results of the study showed that two intraspecific genomic groups (I and II) were obtained in FAFLP analysis. PFGE analysis demonstrated high variability within these two groups but also indicated that some probiotic cultures were indistinguishable and that a number of clinical isolates may be reisolations of commercial probiotic cultures. Compared to group II, which contained the majority of the probiotic isolates and fewer human clinical isolates, higher phenotypic and genotypic resistance frequencies were observed in group I. Two probiotic isolates were phenotypically resistant to erythromycin, one of which contained an erm(B) gene that was not transferable to enterococcal recipients. None of the probiotic E. faecium isolates demonstrated the presence of the tested virulence genes. The previously reported observation that E. faecium consists of two intraspecific genomic groups was further substantiated by FAFLP fingerprinting of 128 isolates. In combination with antimicrobial resistance and virulence testing, this grouping might represent an additional criterion in assessing the safety of new potential probiotic E. faecium isolates.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2015
Enterococci though considered as perpetual commensal organisms well suited for survival in intestinal and vaginal tracts and the oral cavity, possess certain properties that can be ascribed roles in pathogenesis. The natural ability of enterococci to readily acquire, accumulate, and share extra chromosomal elements encoding virulence traits or antibiotic resistance genes lends advantages to their survival under unusual environmental stresses and in part explains their increasing importance as nosocomial pathogens. 1 Also enterococci have become a vexing problem in clinical medicine because of their ability to infect patients who are typically receiving antibiotic therapy for ABSTRACT Background: Now considered as one of the most important Nosocomial pathogen, enterococci have been found to possess virulence factors like biofilm formation and are increasingly exhibiting antimicrobial resistance in India. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of enterococci from various clinical samples simultaneously correlating their virulence property and antimicrobial resistance, in addition to speciation. Methods: A total of 126 enterococcal isolates from various clinical samples were included and processed according to standard protocols and speciation was based on Facklam and Collins conventional method. Virulence determinants like hemolysin, gelatinase and biofilm formation were assessed by phenotypic tests. Antibacterial susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with recommended drugs including high level aminoglycoside resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for vancomycin was done by E-test. Results: Out of 1746 clinical samples, enterococci accounted for 7.22%. They consisted of E. faecium 52.38%, E. faecalis 32.54%, and E. avium 15.08% isolated from urine 8.26%, pus 8.44%, blood 0.56% and body fluids 1.28%. Study on virulence factors revealed that 19.84% strains produced gelatinase, 18.25% produced hemolysin and 73.81% produced biofilm. High level resistance to gentamycin and streptomycin were 4.76% and 5.56% respectively. Vancomycin resistance was 3.17%. Conclusions: This study indicates the change in epidemiology of enterococcal infections from E. faecalis to E. faecium and low prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) in our region. To maintain the low level of resistance, improvement of antibiotic policies and hospital infection control is essential.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2009
In the past two decades the members of the genus Enterococcus have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens worldwide. In the present study, we evaluated the antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characteristics of 203 Enterococcus spp. recovered from different clinical sources from two hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The species were identified by conventional biochemical tests and by an automated system. The genetic diversity of E. faecalis presenting high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA after SmaI digestion. The E. faecalis was the most frequent specie (93.6%), followed by E. faecium (4.4%). The antimicrobial resistance profile was: 2.5% to ampicillin, 0.5% to vancomycin, 0.5% teicoplanin, 33% to chloramphenicol, 2% to nitrofurantoin, 66.1% to erythromycin, 66.5% to tetracycline, 24.6% to rifampicin, 30% to ciprofloxacin and 87.2% to quinupristin-dalfopristin. A total of 10.3% of the isolates proved to be HLAR to both gentamicin and streptomycin (HLR-ST/GE), with 23.6% resistant only to gentamicin (HLR-GE) and 37.4% only to streptomycin (HLR-ST). One predominant clonal group was found among E. faecalis HLR-GE/ST. The prevalence of resistance among beta-lactam antibiotics and glycopeptides was very low. However, in this study there was an increased number of HLR Enterococcus which may be spreading intra and inter-hospital.