Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater (original) (raw)
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Biological wastewater treatment as an opportunity for energy and resource recovery
2021
As raw materials become increasingly scarce, the current linear system of industrial manufacturingextracting resources, transforming them into products, and discarding the wasteincreasingly appears to be inefficient and unsustainable. This approach is now being succeeded by 'the circular economy', a new manufacturing paradigm which closes production cycles by recovering wastes and reusing them as resources. A prime example is the treatment of wastewater, which aside from reuse as a resource of its own (water), is now being treated to recover the chemicals and energy it contains. Figure 38.1 illustrates the potential pathways by which chemicals, metals, nutrients, thermal energy, biofuels, and the water itself may be recovered from industrial wastewater for reuse (e.g., agricultural reuse). This new circular approach to the reuse of industrial wastewater has given rise to the development of new technologies, especially biological wastewater treatment methods. These tend to be more sustainable and 'eco-friendly' than either physical or chemical methods, in that they use less energy and produce fewer toxic by-products. On the other hand, biological treatment methods can be limited by the high toxicity of industrial wastewater, which is less biodegradable than domestic wastewater. This chapter presents some new and innovative methods currently being developed and applied to biologically recover energy and materials from industrial wastewater.
Renewable Energy Products through Bioremediation of Wastewater
Sustainability, 2020
Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the population density of the world is intense in developing countries. This overgrowing population has resulted in the production of huge amounts of waste/refused water due to various anthropogenic activities. Household, municipal corporations (MC), urban local bodies (ULBs), and industries produce a huge amount of waste water, which is discharged into nearby water bodies and streams/rivers without proper treatment, resulting in water pollution. This mismanaged treatment of wastewater leads to various challenges like loss of energy to treat the wastewater and scarcity of fresh water, beside various water born infections. However, all these major issues can provide solutions to each other. Most of the wastewater generated by ULBs and industries is rich in various biopolymers like starch, lactose, glucose lignocellulose, protein, lipids, fats, and minerals, etc. These biopolymers can be converted into sustainable biofuels, i.e., ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, biogas, hydrogen, methane, biohythane, etc., through its bioremediation followed by dark fermentation (DF) and anaerobic digestion (AD). The key challenge is to plan strategies in such a way that they not only help in the treatment of wastewater, but also produce some valuable energy driven products from it. This review will deal with various strategies being used in the treatment of wastewater as well as for production of some valuable energy products from it to tackle the upcoming future demands and challenges of fresh water and energy crisis, along with sustainable development.
A New Development in Biological Process for Wastewater Treatment to Produce Renewable Fuel
Problem statement: Hydrogen is a clean energy source. Bio-conversion of biomass to generate hydrogen has been achieved using anaerobic fermentation of some well-defined materials, in wastewater. No data available on hydrogen yielded from wastewater using inoculum extracted from Iraqi municipal wastewater treatment plant. Approach: This study investigated the effects of substrate concentration, initial pH and process temperature on biohydrogen production from surgery wastewater using anaerobic batch reactor. Batch tests are carried out in a 2.0 L batch reactor under different temperatures of 34, 36, 38and 40°C, various initial pH of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 and substrate concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. The raw seed was compost sludge obtained from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad (Al-Restomia plant). The volume of evolved gas was measured at room temperature by the water displacement method. Results: The maximum hydrogen production 160 mL L −1 is obtained at an optimum temperature of 38 °C, optimum pH of 5.5 and substrate concentration 15%. Conclusion: The results indicated that the use of compost of Al-Restomia plant as a seed in anaerobic fermentation process has given excellent biogas production under applied conditions.
2022
Herein, recent reports on hydrogen production from wastewater were comprehensively evaluated. There are numerous methods of biohydrogen production from various types of wastewater. Fermentation is one of the most promising methods of biohydrogen production from industrial wastewater owing to its ease of operation and rapid hydrogen production. The sequential dark/photo fermentation approach generated a maximum hydrogen yield (HY) of 7.1 mol H 2 /mol glucose with an estimated hydrogen production cost of 2.57 US /kgand2.83US/kg and 2.83 US /kgand2.83US/kg for dark and photo-fermentation, respectively. Pre-existing studies demonstrated that the successful implementation of pilot-scale fermentation bioreactors with a maximum hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 17 m 3 /m 3 ⋅d, but HPR is negatively correlated with reactor volume; more pilot-scale studies using high-strength wastewater for optimum performance are needed. The current implementation and commercialization challenges during hydrogen production were also highlighted in this review. Furthermore, a literature survey revealed research gaps associated with optimum conditions for maximized biohydrogen yield. Numerous review studies in literature focus on biohydrogen potential from solid biowaste; nevertheless, a comprehensive review on biohydrogen from wastewater is still needed. The recommendations of this review are designed to facilitate researchers and policymakers in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), renewable energy (SDG 7), sustainable communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG 13).
Wastewater Treatment: Biological
Rapid urbanization and indiscriminate use of natural resources have placed the environment under increasing stress, and different measures are being implemented to prevent further deterioration. For example, treatment of our wastes and efficient reuse of our resources are prerequisites to further sustainable existence. As such, various waste treatment technologies have developed with the goal of minimizing negative impacts of wastes on the environment while also potentially recovering value from the wastes. Although many technologies exist, biological processes compare very favorably with non-biological processes because of their sustainability potential, including energy production and resource recovery. Further, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are the main constituents of most wastes, and removal of such elements from waste effluents can reduce environmental stress and minimize ecosystem deterioration. This summary describes typical aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment methods, including activated sludge processes, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors and other anaerobic systems, and biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, which can be used to treat different types of wastes. An emphasis is placed on methods that also have the capacity to generate potential energy as combustible biogas or nutrients from wastes.
Biological Wastewater Treatment
Intechopen, 2024
Preventing environmental pollution by adequately treating the ever-increasing volume of wastewater generated by the over 8.1 billion (UN 2024 projection) people in the world, meeting governments' often updated effluent quality standards as a result of emerging contaminants in domestic and industrial wastewater, operating wastewater treatment process to generate energy through methane production and capture to save operating costs, and deploying a compact system to fit reducing installation space are some of the daring challenges facing sustainable wastewater treatment technologies today. Hence, there is a need for continued innovation and development of treatment processes. The current chapter discussed advancements in biological wastewater treatment technologies through the years with a focus on reasons for improvements in technologies. Some of the reasons highlighted are capital and operational costs, plant volumetric capacity, effluent quality, efficient nutrient removal, biofouling and membrane clogging, treatment plant installation size, etc. The chapter also discussed biochemical oxygen demand as a measure of water quality for biological treatment systems, the role of genetically engineered microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment, bioremediation as a biological treatment process, treatment plant pilot-scale, and upgrade to full-scale.
Potential to produce biohydrogen from various wastewaters
Energy for Sustainable Development, 2010
This research evaluates the potential for producing hydrogen in anaerobic reactors using wastewater from various sources (domestic sewage, vinasse from ethanol production, and glycerin from biodiesel production). The assays were performed in batch reactors with a volume of 2 l, and sucrose was used as a control substrate. The inoculum was taken from a packed-bed reactor used to produce hydrogen from a sucrose-based synthetic substrate. Hydrogen was produced from all of the wastewaters assayed (200 ml H 2 / g COD for domestic sewage; 579 ml H 2 /g COD for vinasse; 200 ml H 2 /g COD for glycerin; and 270 ml H 2 /g COD for sucrose). Vinasse showed the highest potential for hydrogen production, as seen from its higher hydrogen yield (25 mmol H 2 /g COD) and maximum hydrogen production rate (3.08 mmol H 2 /g VSS h).
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2017
Agro-industrial wastewaters are known by high strength of organic pollutants that cause an adverse effect on the water bodies. Wastewater management becomes a major task, leads environmental regulations to be stricter worldwide. Increased disposal of untreated/partially treated industrial wastewaters are major environmental problems in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, industries most commonly dispose their untreated wastewater straight into the nearby rivers. Somewhat, constructed wetlands are used by some industries for treatment of wastewaters. The objective of this review paper was to summarize the characteristics and recent research efforts done on anaerobic treatment of some selected agro-industrial wastewaters and innovative technologies used for cogeneration of byproducts. Many developed countries designed cost effective approaches for agro-industrial wastewater management. The fullscale anaerobic treatment system in China generates 40,000 m 3 biogas daily for 20,000 households from agro-industrial wastes. Likewise, the Brewery, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia used full-scale anaerobic treatment technology and produce average methane yield of 487 Nm 3 /day. The estimated maximum methane production potential of Kera, Luna slaughterhouses, and Ada milk factory were 4.5599LCH 4 , 0.1878LCH 4 , and 0.9952LCH 4 , respectively. These indicate that they can be potential sources of biogas production. Limitations of the brewery are burning of the produced energy and some quantified parameters being become above national standards while meat processing and diary industries are discharging their wastewater without treatment into the rivers. We devised the brewery to use the produced energy properly and extend its treatment to achieve the national standards using integrated sequencing batch reactor. Similarly, slaughterhouse and diary industries should install anaerobic-aerobic integrated treatment techniques.
Recent advances in energy efficient biological treatment of municipal wastewater
Bioresource Technology Reports, 2019
Conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants based on the activated sludge process are neither energy efficient nor economical. Various technologies (e.g., anaerobic treatment, algal technology and microbial fuel cells) have been proposed or employed to transform municipal wastewater treatment plant from energy sink to either net energy producer or energy neutral. Recently, anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) technology is getting attention as an energy efficient nitrogen removal process for anaerobically-pretreated municipal wastewater. Phytoremediation through constructed wetlands is another energy efficient method to treat low-strength wastewater. The aim of this paper is to review the recent advances in these energy efficient technologies for the sustainable treatment of municipal wastewater. The advantages, limitations and application status (whether, lab-, pilot-or full-scale) along with future research perspectives of these technologies are also highlighted in this review.