Localization and Speciation of Chromium in Subterranean Clover Using XRF, XANES, and EPR Spectroscopy (original) (raw)
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In recent decades, environmental pollution with chromium (Cr) has gained significant attention. Although chromium (Cr) can exist in a variety of different oxidation states and is a polyvalent element, only trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are found frequently in the natural environment. In the current review, we summarize the biogeochemical procedures that regulate Cr(VI) mobilization, accumulation, bioavailability, toxicity in soils, and probable risks to ecosystem are also highlighted. Plants growing in Cr(VI)-contaminated soils show reduced growth and development with lower agricultural production and quality. Furthermore, Cr(VI) exposure causes oxidative stress due to the production of free radicals which modifies plant morpho-physiological and biochemical processes at tissue and cellular levels. However, plants may develop extensive cellular and physiological defensive mechanisms in response to Cr(VI) toxicity to ensure their survival. To cope with ...
Chromium toxicity in plants: consequences on growth, chromosomal behavior andmineral nutrient status
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal of commercial importance; thus, significant amounts are released in wastewaters. The mobility and distribution of metals in the environment is related not only to their concentration but also to their availability in the environment. Most chromium (Cr) exists in oxidation states ranging from 0 to VI in soils but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) species. Cr can have positive and negative effects on health, according to the dose, exposure time, and its oxidation state. Its behavior in soil, its soil-plant transfer and accumulation in different plant parts vary with its chemical form, plant type and soil physicochemical properties. Soil microbial community plays a key role in governing Cr speciation and behavior in soil. A number of factors have been identified to influence Cr toxicity on activated sludge, such as, pH, biomass concentration, presence of organic substances or other heavy metals, acclimation process, exposure time, etc. Inside plants, Cr provokes numerous deleterious effects to several physiological, morphological, and biochemical processes. Cr induces phytotoxicity by interfering plant growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthesis, inducing enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, causing lipid peroxidation and altering the antioxidant activities. The present review describes the consequences of Cr toxicity on plants, including morphological, physiological and ultrastructural changes. This review also provides the basic concepts of Cr translocation and interaction with other essential macro-and microelements. Moreover, based on the available literature and current research scenario, this review suggests some possible management and remediation strategies to alleviate Cr toxicity and contamination in soil. It also provides valuable knowledge for further studies towards enhancement of soil phytoremediation and crops improvement. Therefore, there is a dire need to monitor biogeochemical behavior of Cr in soil-plant system.
Chromium Bioaccumulation and Its Impacts on Plants: An Overview
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Chromium (Cr) is an element naturally occurring in rocky soils and volcanic dust. It has been classified as a carcinogen agent according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Therefore, this metal needs an accurate understanding and thorough investigation in soil–plant systems. Due to its high solubility, Cr (VI) is regarded as a hazardous ion, which contaminates groundwater and can be transferred through the food chain. Cr also negatively impacts the growth of plants by impairing their essential metabolic processes. The toxic effects of Cr are correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress in plants. The current review summarizes the understanding of Cr toxicity in plants via discussing the possible mechanisms involved in its uptake, translocation and sub-cellular distribution, along with its interference with the other plant metabolic processes such as chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and plant defensive system.
Chromium Stress in Plants: Toxicity, Tolerance and Phytoremediation
Sustainability, 2021
Extensive industrial activities resulted in an increase in chromium (Cr) contamination in the environment. The toxicity of Cr severely affects plant growth and development. Cr is also recognized as a human carcinogen that enters the human body via inhalation or by consuming Cr-contaminated food products. Taking consideration of Cr enrichment in the environment and its toxic effects, US Environmental Protection Agency and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry listed Cr as a priority pollutant. In nature, Cr exists in various valence states, including Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is the most toxic and persistent form in soil. Plants uptake Cr through various transporters such as phosphate and sulfate transporters. Cr exerts its effect by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hampering various metabolic and physiological pathways. Studies on genetic and transcriptional regulation of plants have shown the various detoxification genes get up-regulated and confer tolerance...
Water Research, 2009
Aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes were chosen to investigate the Cr(VI) reduced by root-based biosorption in a chromium uptake experiment, using a high-resolution XRF technique. These plants were grown in hydroponics medium supplied with non-toxic Cr concentrations during a 27-day metal uptake experiment. The high-resolution Cr-Kβ fluorescence spectra for dried root tissues and Cr reference material (100% Cr, Cr2O3, and CrO3) were measured using an XRF spectrometer. For all species of aquatic plant treated with Cr(VI), the energy of the Cr-Kβ2,5 line was shifted around 8 eV below the same spectral line identified for the Cr(VI) reference, but it was also near to the line identified for the Cr(III) reference. Moreover, there was a lack of the strong Cr-Kβ″ line assigned to the Cr(VI) reference material within the Cr(VI)-treated plant spectra, suggesting the reduction of Cr(VI) for other less toxic oxidation states of Cr. As all Cr-Kβ spectra of root tissue species were compared, the peak energies and lineshape patterns of the Cr-Kβ2,5 line are coincident for the same aquatic plant species, when they were treated with Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Based on the experimental evidence, the Cr(VI) reduction process has happened during metal biosorption by these plants.
Chromium in Agricultural Soils and Crops: A Review
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2017
The mobility and distribution of metals in the environment is related not only to their concentration but also to their availability in the environment. Most chromium (Cr) exists in oxidation states ranging from 0 to VI in soils but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III), and Cr(VI) species. Chromium can have positive and negative effects on health, according to the dose, exposure time, and its oxidation state. The last is highly soluble; mobile; and toxic to humans, animals, and plants. On the contrary, Cr(III) has relatively low toxicity and mobility and it is one of the micronutrients needed by humans. In addition, Cr(III) can be absorbed on the surface of clay minerals in precipitates or complexes. Thus, the approaches converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in soils and waters have received considerable attention. The Cr(III) compounds are sparingly soluble in water and may be found in water bodies as soluble Cr(III) complexes, while the Cr(VI) compounds are readily soluble in water. Chromium is absorbed by plants through carriers of essential ions such as sulfate. Chromium uptake, accumulation, and translocation, depend on its speciation. Chromium shortage can cause cardiac problems, metabolic dysfunctions, and diabetes. Symptoms of Cr toxicity in plants comprise decrease of germination, reduction of growth, inhibition of enzymatic activities, impairment of photosynthesis and oxidative imbalances. This review provides an overview of the chemical characteristics of Cr, its behavior in the environment, the relationships with plants and aspects of the use of fertilizers.
Due to its wide industrial use, chromium is considered a serious environmental pollutant. Contamination of soil and water by chromium (Cr) is of recent concern. Toxicity of Cr to plants depends on its valence state: Cr(VI) is highly toxic and mobile whereas Cr(III) is less toxic. Since plants lack a specific transport system for Cr, it is taken up by carriers of essential ions such as sulfate or iron. Toxic effects of Cr on plant growth and development include alterations in the germination process as well as in the growth of roots, stems and leaves, which may affect total dry matter production and yield. Cr also causes deleterious effects on plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis, water relations and mineral nutrition. Metabolic alterations by Cr exposure have also been described in plants either by a direct effect on enzymes or other metabolites or by its ability to generate reactive oxygen species which may cause oxidative stress. The potential of plants with the capacity to accumulate or to stabilize Cr compounds for bioremediation of Cr contamination has gained interest in recent years. D
The study was undertaken to assess the suitability of Brassica juncea L. cv. 'PBR-91' for phytoremediation of multi-heavy element contaminated soils. Growth and heavy metal uptake potential of B. juncea seedlings were determined in binary combinations of Cr(VI) with Mn, Ni, Co, Cu and Zn at concentrations varying up to 100 mg/l. Multiple regression interaction models revealed that all the metals, whether applied singly or in combinations, inhibited the growth of seedlings. In a single metal treatment, Cr(VI) (100 mg/l) decreased the germination percentage, root length, shoot length and dry weight to the maximum extent. The interactive effects of binary combinations of Cr(VI) with other metals were generally mutually antagonistic and decreased the toxicity of each other on seedling growth. The maximum uptake was recorded for 100 mg/l each of Zn and Mn, being 0.531 and 0.445 mg/g dw, respectively. The lowest heavy metal uptake was observed for Ni (0.135 mg/g dw) at a concentration of 100 mg/l. Multiple regression interaction models also revealed that the interaction between Cr and the other metals in binary combinations decreased the uptake of Cr by seedlings. This study established that Zn and Mn significantly reduce the deleterious effects of Cr(VI) on seedling growth in B. juncea. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: antagonism, binary interactions, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance ® Abou-Shanab R, Ghanem N, Ghanem K, Al-Kolaibe A (2007) Phytoremediation potential of crop and wild plants for multimetal contaminated soils. An Y, Kim Y, Kwon T, Jeong S (2004) Combined toxicity of Cu, Cd and Pb upon Cucumis sativus growth and bioaccumulation. Science of the Total Environment 326, 85-93 Ansari KH, Ahmed A, Umar S, Iqbal M (2009) Mercury induced changes in growth variables and antioxidative enzyme activities in Indian mustard. Journal of Plant Interactions 4, 131-136 Aravind P, Prasad MNV (2005) Cd-Zn interactions in a hydroponic system using C. demersum L.: Adaptive ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular toxicology. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, 3-20 Bailey NTJ (1995) Statistical Methods in Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 255 pp Barceló J, Poschenriender C, Ruano A, Gunse B (1985) Leaf water potential in Cr(VI) treated bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Plant Physiology 77 (Suppl.), 163-164 Bassi M, Corradi MG, Realini M (1990) Effects of chromium (VI) on two fresh water plants, Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes. 1. Morphological observations. Cytobios 62, 27-38 Baszynski M, Buczek JT, Wajda L, Krol M, Wolinska D, Krupa Z, Tukendorf A (1980) Photosynthetic activities of cadmium-treated tomato plants. Physiologia Plantarum 48, 365-370 Biddappa CC, Bopaiah MG (1989) Effect of heavy metals on the distribution of P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients in the cellular constituents of coconut leaf. R (2001) Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants. FEMS Microbiology Review 25, 335-347 Chaoui A, Ghorbal MH, El Ferjani (1997) Effects of Cd-Zn interactions on hydroponically grown bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Science 126, 21-28 Chen NC, Kanazawa S, Horiguchi T, Chen NC (2001) Effect of chromium on some enzyme activities in the wheat rhizosphere. Soil Microorganisms 55, 3-10 Chen S, Zhou Q, Sun T, Li P (2003) Rapid ecotoxicolgical assessment of heavy metal combined polluted soil using canonical analysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences 15, 854-858 Coughtrey PJ, Martin MH (1978) Tolerance of Holcus lanatus to Pb, Zn and Cd in factorial combinations. New Phytologist 81, 147-154 Cunningham SD, Ow DW (1996) Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology 110, 715-719 Davies FT, Puryear JD, Newton RJ, Grossi JAS (2001) Mycorrhizal fungi enhance accumulation and tolerance of chromium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Journal of Plant Physiology 158, 777-786 Dickinson NM, Baker AJM, Doronila A, Laidlaw S, Reeves RD (2009) Phytoremediation of inorganics: Realism and synergies. International Journal of Phytoremediation 11, 97-114 Diwan H, Ahmed A, Iqbal M (2008) Genotypic variation in the phytoremediation potential of Indian mustard for chromium. Environmental Management 41, 734-736 Dowling DN, Doty SL (2009) Improving phytoremediation through biotechnology.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 2017
Increasingly, anthropogenic perturbations of the biosphere manifest in a broad array of global phenomena, causing widespread contamination of most ecosystems, with high dispersion rates of many contaminants throughout different environmental compartments, including metals. Chromium (Cr) contamination in particular, is, increasingly, posing a serious threat to the environment, emerging as a major health hazard to the biota. However, although the molecular and physiological mechanisms of plant responses to many heavy metals, especially lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), have been focused upon in recent years, chromium has attracted significantly less attention. In this context, this review discusses aspects of Cr uptake and transport, some physiological and biochemical effects of Cr exposure in plants, and molecular defense mechanisms against this metal. Recent advances in determining these responses, in fields of knowledge such as genomics, proteomics and metallomics, are discussed herein.