REVIEW ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF FOOD AVOIDED BY LITERATE BANGLADESHI WOMEN DURING PREGNANCY (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine
Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 2011
A risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the ''pregnancy signal,'' which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60 mg/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the ''caffeine teratogenic syndrome.'' Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:152-187, 2011.
Coffee and Fetal Death: A Cohort Study with Prospective Data
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
The authors conducted a cohort study within the Danish National Birth Cohort to determine whether coffee consumption during pregnancy is associated with late fetal death (spontaneous abortion and stillbirth). A total of 88,482 pregnant women recruited from March 1996 to November 2002 participated in a comprehensive interview on coffee consumption and potentially confounding factors in pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcome was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register and medical records. The authors detected 1,102 fetal deaths. High levels of coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of fetal death. Relative to nonconsumers of coffee, the adjusted hazard ratios for fetal death associated with coffee consumption of Ý-3, 4-7, and 8 cups of coffee per day were 1.03 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89, 1.19), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.63), and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.13), respectively. Reverse causation due to unrecognized fetal demise may explain the association between coffee intake and risk of fetal death prior to 20 completed weeks' gestation but not the association with fetal loss following 20 completed weeks' gestation. Consumption of coffee during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of fetal death, especially losses occurring after 20 completed weeks of gestation.
Caffeine Intake during Pregnancy: What Are the Real Evidences
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5 (2017) 249-260, 2017
Caffeine is a substance presented in foods such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolates and medicines and is commonly consumed by pregnant women. Due to its ability to cross the placental membrane and accumulate in the fetus body, caffeine and its metabolites have been contraindicated or recommended in small doses during pregnancy. Studies in rodents relate caffeine intake to lower rates of fertilization, embryonic implantation, changes in placental structure, increased occurrence of low fetal and placental weights, abortion and stillbirth. However, in humans, studies involving caffeine consumption are inconclusive. Methodological complexity, difficulty for measuring caffeine intake and ethical reasons are limiting factors for a more accurate conclusion. So far, caffeine recommendation ranges from 100 to 300 mg/day. Even though researches have recommended low caffeine consumption by pregnant women in order to avoid deleterious consequences during gestation, a safe dose has not been established until now. The aim of the present review is to describe the main findings on the effects of caffeine consumption during pregnancy in both human and rodent experimental models.
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Objective: To investigate the relationship between caffeine consumption among pregnant women in the UAE and spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional survey has been conducted on 97 pregnant ladies randomly selected from Al Ain city in the UAE. Only pregnant women with caffeine intake were included in the study. Results: The results showed that: 61.9% of women consumed coffee, 34% consumed tea, and 4.1% consumed soft drinks during pregnancy. 43% of women who consumed caffeine during pregnancy had at least one spontaneous abortion, 10.3% suffered from stillbirth and 17.5% gave birth to underweight babies. Cross tabulation between spontaneous abortion and caffeine consumption did not show high significance using Pearson Chi-Square for correlation (p-value 0.103), The likelihood ratio shows significant results (p-value 0.039). Conclusion: Providing comprehensive counselling for pregnant women is essential in order to prevent the negative impact of caffeine consumption.
Maternal coffee intake and associated risk factors: effects on fetal growth and activity
Acta medica portuguesa, 2011
Empirical studies have shown that fetal growth and activity can be affected by several risk factors, such as maternal anxiety, depression and tobacco or alcohol consumption. Caffeine intake has received less attention in the literature, as well as the analysis of the mutual interplay of the range of such risk factors. This study aimed to examine effects of mother's coffee intake and associated risk factors during early pregnancy on fetal growth and activity. The sample involved 47 fetuses (51.1% male and 48.9% female) with gestational ages between 20-22 weeks whose mothers were recruited in a Portuguese antenatal obstetric unit. Repeated measures of mother's anxiety (STAI-S) and depression (EPDS) and information about socio-demographics and substances consumption were collected during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Fetal activity and biometry were measured during the 2(nd) trimester ultrasound. Results showed that 1) 23.4% of the pregnant women (N = 11) had re...
Evaluation of Caffeine Consumption and Effect During Pregnancy Among Women in the Uae
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Objective: To investigate the relationship between caffeine consumption among pregnant women in the UAE and spontaneous abortion and stillbirth. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional survey has been conducted on 97 pregnant ladies randomly selected from Al Ain city in the UAE. Only pregnant women with caffeine intake were included in the study. Results: The results showed that: 61.9% of women consumed coffee, 34% consumed tea, and 4.1% consumed soft drinks during pregnancy. 43% of women who consumed caffeine during pregnancy had at least one spontaneous abortion, 10.3% suffered from stillbirth and 17.5% gave birth to underweight babies. Cross tabulation between spontaneous abortion and caffeine consumption did not show high significance using Pearson Chi-Square for correlation (p-value 0.103), The likelihood ratio shows significant results (p-value 0.039). Conclusion: Providing comprehensive counselling for pregnant women is essential in order to prevent the negative impact of ca...
Journal of Bioscience and Applied Research, 2022
Green coffee consumption has gained wide popularity, possibly due to its strong antioxidative activities and many beneficial effects in various human diseases. However, the effect of green coffee extract consumption on the development of the fetal central nervous system during pregnancy has not been elucidated. Consequently, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal administration of some doses of the green coffee extract on the development of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord of rat fetuses in terms of histopathological, proliferation, astrogliosis, and ultrastructural investigations. Pregnant dams were divided into four groups; control group (administered distilled water) and three groups orally administered three different doses of green coffee extract, GC1 (200 mg/kg), GC2 (400 mg/kg), and GC3 (600 mg/kg) from the sixth day to the 15 th day of gestation. On the 20 th day, dams were sacrificed and fetal cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord from different groups were fixed for subsequent investigations. The results showed that green coffee extract induced various histopathological changes in the three investigated organs including pyknosis, hemorrhage, and vacuolation. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that green coffee extract decreased neuronal proliferation and increased reactive astrogliosis. Ultrastructurally, green coffee extract caused cytoplasmic rarefaction, neuronal degeneration, macrophage activation, and axon degeneration. Interestingly, the neurotoxic effects of green coffee on neuronal development were dose-dependent. Based on these results, the consumption of high doses of green coffee during pregnancy should be restricted. Moreover, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of green coffee ingestion on neuronal cognition and behavioral outcomes.