Trans is not a disorder – but should still receive funding (original) (raw)
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Critical Comparison of Gender Identity Diagnoses in DSM5 and ICD
2022
INTRODUCTION This essay critically compares the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5, APA, 2013) diagnosis, gender dysphoria and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–11, WHO, 2018) diagnosis, gender incongruence. The gender dysphoria diagnosis (Appendix 1) refers to significant distress resulting from inconsistency between sex assigned at birth (SAAB) and gender identity; the gender incongruence diagnosis (Appendix 2) refers to that inconsistency (van de Grift, et al., 2016). The present discussion will refer to the adolescent and adult diagnoses only, as those pertaining to children are outside its scope. Furthermore, neither will transvestic disorder be discussed, although it is the author’s position that this diagnosis ought to be removed. Distress and dysfunction are at the centre of modern diagnostic frameworks (Reed, 2016); however, distress is not necessarily inherent to an inconsistency between gender identity and SAAB. The present essay will argue that a large proportion of distress comes from stigma, not dysphoria, nor incongruence themselves. The present essay will also propose that these diagnoses are in fact destructive for clients and have no place in psychological frameworks; instead, they may reinforce stigma by suggesting disease within the individual. The only use such labels should serve is purely as an administrative function for treatment, to aid multi-discipline team communication and record keeping.
Trans People Are Still “Disordered” in the DSM-5
This paper critically examines the role that Ray Blanchard played (as Chair of the DSM-5 Paraphilia subworkgroup) in redefining the concept of "paraphilia," and in greatly expanding the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis Transvestic Fetishism to the current Transvestic Disorder diagnosis (which includes the modifiers "autogynephilia").
International Journal of Transgenderism
This article explains the report from the work group of WPATH charged to consider whether a diagnosis for gender identity disorder should be included in the revised DSM; whether distress is inherent, a result of social stigma, or both; and what the implications of this are for the diagnosis in the revised DSM. Suggestions are made to remove gender identity disorder from the next revision of DSM and to find a place in the nonmental disorder section of the ICD, using the more broadly defined and less stigmatizing term gender dysphoria. Alternative suggestions are also put forward to incorporate distress within Criterion A of a diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria (formerly Gender Identity Disorder) in the revised DSM, which will make the condition correspond more closely to its description in the ICD.
Minding the body: Situating gender identity diagnoses in the ICD-11
The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of revising the International Statistical Classifi cation of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) and ICD-11 has an anticipated publication date of 2015. The Working Group on the Classifi cation of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health (WGSDSH) is charged with evaluating clinical and research data to inform the revision of diagnostic categories related to sexuality and gender identity that are currently included in the mental and behavioural disorders chapter of ICD-10, and making initial recommendations regarding whether and how these categories should be represented in the ICD-11. The diagnostic classifi cation of disorders related to (trans)gender identity is an area long characterized by lack of knowledge, misconceptions and controversy. The placement of these categories has shifted over time within both the ICD and the American Psychiatric Association ' s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), refl ecting developing views about what to call these diagnoses, what they mean and where to place them. This article reviews several controversies generated by gender identity diagnoses in recent years. In both the ICD-11 and DSM-5 development processes, one challenge has been to fi nd a balance between concerns related to the stigmatization of mental disorders and the need for diagnostic categories that facilitate access to healthcare. In this connection, this article discusses several human rights issues related to gender identity diagnoses, and explores the question of whether affected populations are best served by placement of these categories within the mental disorders section of the classifi cation. The combined stigmatization of being transgender and of having a mental disorder diagnosis creates a doubly burdensome situation for this group, which may contribute adversely to health status and to the attainment and enjoyment of human rights. The ICD-11 Working Group on the Classifi cation of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health believes it is now appropriate to abandon a psychopathological model of transgender people based on 1940s conceptualizations of sexual deviance and to move towards a model that is (1) more refl ective of current scientifi c evidence and best practices;
Background The conceptualisation of transgender identity as a mental disorder has contributed to precarious legal status, human rights violations, and barriers to appropriate health care among transgender people. The proposed reconceptualisation of categories related to transgender identity in WHO's forthcoming International Classifi cation of Diseases (ICD)-11 removes categories related to transgender identity from the classifi cation of mental disorders, in part based on the idea that these conditions do not satisfy the defi nitional requirements of mental disorders. We aimed to determine whether distress and impairment, considered essential characteristics of mental disorders, could be explained by experiences of social rejection and violence rather than being inherent features of transgender identity, and to examine the applicability of other elements of the proposed ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines.
International Journal of Transgenderism, 2011
Categorizing certain gender identities as mental illness or disorder undermines human rights. The diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder has contributed to stigma and bias against gender variant people and to the restriction of their human and civil rights; however, in some cases, it has also facilitated validation and availability of necessary treatment. Although there was some disagreement within the work group about the underlying rationale, the Human Rights Work Group of the consensus process held by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health recommends a medical diagnosis for those who seek sex affirmation treatment without experiencing confusion about their gender identity, the continued availability of mental health support for those who require it, and the creation of a pathway enabling gender-variant people to be migrated from a mental health diagnosis to a medical one as life circumstances change. It is essential to ensure that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, does not pathologize conditions of diversity in sex/gender identity formation and expression
GENDER DYSPHORIA GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND BIOETHICAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL TREATMENT
International Journal of Advanced Studies in Sexology, 2022
The concept of being transgender or gender variant goes back to Asia and India where there was a third recognized gender, Hijra. More recently, there has been a significant increase in the awareness of people who are not comfortable with the sex assigned to them at birth and who choose to assume gender roles of the opposite sex, and even resort to medical treatments or surgery to change their sex. assigned in the opposite sex. In recent centuries, this topic has been treated differently, for example, in 1972 an educational book for children, William's Doll, was published by an influential American writer, Charlotte Zolotow, about a boy, William, who desperately wants a doll. to love despite his father's persistent desire to play with traditional male toys. In addition, over the next four decades, children's books have been developed on this topic, such as how to approach boys who wanted to wear dresses. To understand this disorder in the broader context of sexual disorders, we first ask ourselves: What is gender dysphoria? As a general definition, gender dysphoria can be presented as a condition that causes a person discomfort or suffering because there is a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity. Or, as otherwise defined, a condition in which the gender of a person assigned at birth and the gender with which he identifies are incongruent. (Davy, 2018). Until the adoption of the ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases Review 11) by the WHO, it was called a sexual identity disorder and later the condition was renamed and moved from the Mental and Behavioral Disorders section to get rid of the stigma associated with the term disorder. Along the same lines, in the 5th edition of the Handbook of Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders, the American Psychiatric Association changed the diagnosis of gender identity disorder into Gender Dysphoria (DG). In the literature, this initiative has been praised, precisely for excluding the term "disorder" (Davy, The DSM-5 and the Politics of Diagnosing Transpeople, 2015).