"Totius populi Christiani negotium : the crusading conception of Pope Honorius III, 1216-21", The Fifth Crusade in Context, ed. E.J. Mylod, G. Perry, T.W. Smith, J. Vandeburie, London-New York, 2017, pp. 27-39. (original) (raw)

The Fifth Crusade represented a cardinal event in early thirteenth-century history, occurring during what was probably the most intensive period of crusading in both Europe and the Holy Land. Following the controversial outcome of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, Pope Innocent III's reform agenda was set to give momentum to a new crusading effort. Despite the untimely death of Innocent III in 1216, the elaborate organization and fi rm crusading framework made it possible for Pope Honorius III to launch and oversee the expedition. The Fifth Crusade marked the last time that a medieval pope would succeed in mounting a full-scale, genuinely international crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land, yet, despite its signifi cance, it has largely been neglected in the historiography. The crusade was much more than just a military campaign, and the present book locates it in the contemporary context for the fi rst time. The Fifth Crusade in Context is of crucial importance not only to better understand the organization and execution of the expedition itself, but also to appreciate its place in the longer history of crusading, as well as the signifi cance of its impact on the medieval world. This volume brings together an international group of scholars working on the Fifth Crusade and the crusading movement in the early thirteenth century, exemplifying the new approaches being pursued in the study of the crusades and religious medieval history more broadly. The contributions address the historiographical debate, the roles of the papacy and the German empire, the preaching and recruiting of the crusade, the situation in Egypt and the Holy Land, the textual traditions and, fi nally, the political importance of the crusade in Europe.

‘The Second Crusade: Main Debates and New Horizons’, in The Second Crusade: Holy War on the Periphery of Latin Christendom, eds. Jason T. Roche & Janus Møller Jensen (Turnhout, 2015), pp. 1-32

This introductory article serves a number of purposes. It offers an abridged narrative of the scope of the Second Crusade and introduces the major debates associated with the venture. All the contributions to the present volume are introduced within this framework and, when applicable, their place in the current historiography is highlighted. While serving as a concise introduction to the multifaceted nature of the crusade and, for the first time, drawing attention to the main debates associated with it within a single article, the historiographical discussion of this remarkable mid-twelfth-century endeavour has necessarily proved to be a testing ground for a familiar although still unresolved debate: what do scholars mean when the employ the terms ‘crusading’, ‘crusade’ and ‘crusader’?

“Canon 2 of the Council of Clermont (1095) and the Crusade Indulgence,” Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 37, no. 2 (2005): 253-322.

Of all the ecclesiastical apparatus employed by the papacy to promote crusading, the Crusade indulgence was the most important. Like all institutional arrangements, the Crusade indulgence underwent a process of development. This development has been distorted by a teleological view of the facts that regards the Crusade indulgence as the direct expression of Pope Urban II’s Jerusalem Crusade (1095-1102) and the indulgence that was set forth in Canon 2 of the Council of Clermont (1095). This study will show that the institutionalization of the Crusades was a long, drawn out, piecemeal process, which did not begin in 1095, but in 1063 with the introduction of the Crusade indulgence for Sicily and Iberia. Crusading did not owe its inception to the novel elements that Urban added to the enterprise in 1095, nor did it owe its inception to the new direction that crusading took in 1095 with Jerusalem the focus of its ambitions. Rather, the institutional history of the Crusades indicates that these wars began in the western half of the Mediterranean and were already in full swing when Crusaders undertook to “rescue Jerusalem and the other Churches of Asia from the power of the Muslims.”

"Pope Urban II and the Ideology of the Crusades,” in The Crusader World, ed. Adrian Boas (London: Routledge, 2015), 7-53.

The Crusader World is a multidisciplinary survey of the current state of research in the field of crusader studies, an area of study which has become increasingly popular in recent years. In this volume Adrian Boas draws together an impressive range of academics, including work from renowned scholars as well as a number of thought-provoking pieces from emerging researchers, in order to provide broad coverage of the major aspects of the period. This authoritative work will play an important role in the future direction of crusading studies. This volume enriches present knowledge of the crusades, addressing such wide-ranging subjects as: intelligence and espionage, gender issues, religious celebrations in crusader Jerusalem, political struggles in crusader Antioch, the archaeological study of battle sites and fortifications, diseases suffered by the crusaders, crusading in northern Europe and Spain and the impact of crusader art. The relationship between crusaders and Muslims, two distinct and in many way opposing cultures, is also examined in depth, including a discussion of how the Franks perceived their enemies. Arranged into eight thematic sections, The Crusader World considers many central issues as well as a large number of less familiar topics of the crusades, crusader society, history and culture. With over 100 photographs, line drawings and maps, this impressive collection of essays is a key resource for students and scholars alike.

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