Endurance Sport and “Cardiac Injury”: A Prospective Study of Recreational Ironman Athletes (original) (raw)
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Echocardiographic right and left ventricular measurements in male elite endurance athletes
European Heart Journal, 1996
Echocardiography was used to assess normal values in the right and left ventricular cavity and wall in 127 male elite endurance athletes. M-mode and two dimensional measurements of left ventricle and left and right atria were also obtained. All subjects were high-performance orienteers, crosscountry skiers and middle-distance runners. They all had a normal electrocardiogram at rest and no echocardiographic evidence of heart disease. With the use of multiple right ventricular cross-sections and two-dimensional measurements, we found a significantly greater right ventricular inflow tract and right and left atrial measurements in endurance athletes compared with earlier studies of normal, active subjects. The right ventricular free wall was slightly thicker than reported in normal active subjects but the differences were small. Left ventricular diastolic diameter was consistent with previous reports of endurance athletes. Of the 127 subjects, 13% had left ventricular wall thickness above 13 mm but none of the athletes had wall thickness above 15mm. These data suggest that cardiac enlargement occurs symmetrically in both right and left cavities, probably reflecting increased haemodynamic loading, a mechanism by which athletes sustain a high cardiac output during exercise.
Assessment of the left ventricle in adult athletes
International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Competitor's heart is a set of constructions and physiological alteration that correlate to a long period of sport. The lack of reference to this status may lead to be classified as a disease, this study intended to evaluate morphological and functional changes in left ventricular in male athletes. One hundred and thirty-one intact participants between 15-33 years were involved in this research, 31 of them act as a control subject, echocardiographic scan was done to find left ventricular internal enddiastolic dimension, interventricular septal wall thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, relative wall thickness, left ventricular mass and ejection fraction for two groups of athletes (aerobic & anaerobic) and nonsports group (control), analysis was conducted using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Athlete's average parameters were higher than those of the control were; end diastolic dimension (51.5±4.8mm versus 48.0±4.4mm), interventricular septal wall thickness (9.7±1.05mm versus 8.4±0.9mm), posterior wall thickness (9.5±0.85mm versus 8.4±0.6mm), relative wall thickness (0.40 ±0.08mmversus 0.35±0.05mm), left ventricular mass (191.1±37.2g versus 141.1±36.4g) and ejection fraction (70.6±5.3 versus 66.5±4.5). There was a significant difference between athletes and the control participants concern to all measurements. Results of the study are compatible with earlier findings; this data will be benefit into medical evaluation purpose in the sporty society.
Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes in Competitive Amateur Cyclists
Echocardiography, 2010
Purpose: To assess cardiac structural and functional changes induced by competitive amateur cycling. Methods: Fifty-one young competitive amateur male cyclists and 47 age-and gender-matched control subjects underwent complex transthoracic echocardiographic examination focused on the detailed assessment of cardiac size and function, especially of the left ventricle (LV). Subsequently, spiroergometry was performed in all study participants and its results were compared to echocardiographic data. Results: Higher left ventricular mass indexes due to the greater LV wall thickness and LV end-diastolic diameter were found in amateur cyclists as compared to control subjects. There were no differences with regard to the LV systolic function parameters. However, significantly better indices of LV diastolic function were present in cyclists. A significant correlation between maximal oxygen pulse and LV mass index/height 2.7 , LV diastolic parameters and right ventricular size was noted. Conclusions: Amateur competitive cycling leads to considerable LV structural and functional changes. The increases in LV wall thickness and cavity size together with supranormal diastolic properties are key characteristics of this LV remodeling. As well, LV mass, diastolic function, and RV size are predictors of exercise capacity, indicating an important involvement of these elements in improving cardiac function with endurance training. (Echocardiography 2010;27:11-16)
Comparison of left and right ventricular adaptation in endurance-trained male athletes
Acta physiologica Hungarica, 2015
Characteristics of the athlete's heart have been investigated mostly in the left ventricle (LV); reports referring to the right ventricle (RV) have only appeared recently. The aim of the present study was to compare the training effects on RV and LV in elite male endurance athletes. To this end, echocardiography was conducted in 52 elite endurance athletes (A) and in 25 non-athletes (NA). Differences between A and NA in the morphology was more marked in the RV (body-size-matched (rel.)) long axis diastolic diameter (RVLADd): 63.4 ± 6.3 vs. 56.4 ± 6.3; rel. short axis diastolic diameter (RVSADd): 27.3 ± 3.6 vs. 23.6 ± 2.7 mm/m, RV diastolic area 28 ± 5.0 vs. 21.3 ± 4.3 cm2 in all cases, p < 0.001) than in the LV (rel. LVLADd: 63.8 mm/m ± 5.6 vs. 60.7 mm/m ± 6.6, p < 0.05, rel.LVSADd 37.8 ± 3.1 vs. 35.3 ± 2.4, no difference). In the athletes ratios of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity (2.07 ± 0.51 vs. 1.75 ± 0.36, p < 0.01), the TDI-determined E'/A' ra...
Journal of Applied Physiology
We compared echocardiographic findings in female (nΩ30) and male (nΩ30) endurance athletes to age-matched female (nΩ15) and male (nΩ15) sedentary controls. The differences between athletes and controls were similar in both sexes; only left ventricular (LV) mass and septum thickness differed slightly more in men than in women (67% vs 55%, PΩ0.004, and 36% vs 30%, PΩ0.03, respectively). LV wall thicknesses were in the normal range in all
Right and left ventricular diastolic function of male endurance athletes
International Journal of Cardiology, 2004
Background: Echocardiography of endurance athletes has demonstrated a substantial increase in left ventricular mass with no disturbance of diastolic function as assessed by the e:a ratio. Few studies have examined the right ventricle of athletes. The present study evaluated diastolic function of both right and left ventricles of endurance athletes through use of measurements of the motion of the atrioventricular (AV) plane. Methods: Endurance athletes (runners) and sedentary subjects were studied. All subjects were male, aged 30 -45 years and were free of cardiovascular disease. There were 21 runners and 40 sedentary subjects. The diastolic motion of the AV plane was assessed by measurement of total displacement and peak early velocity. Results: The runners had a greater peak oxygen consumption (ml kg À 1 min À 1 ) (59.5 vs. 33.5, P < 10 À 3 ) and left ventricular mass (g) (281 vs. 202, P < 10 À 3 ). The e:a ratio for both groups was similar (1.41 vs. 1.45, P = 0.8). Both total displacement and peak early velocity for both ventricles were similar between groups, P >0.3. No correlation with age was found for total displacement or peak early velocity for either group in either ventricle, with the exception of peak early velocity for the right ventricle in the runners, where a highly significant correlation was found: peak early velocity = 24.0 À 0.4 age, r 2 = 0.75, P = 10 À 5 . Conclusion: Chronic endurance training is associated with a greater LV mass than in comparable sedentary subjects. Despite this, no effect on AV plane motion was found. A decline in right ventricular peak early velocity of the AV plane with increasing age was identified in the runners. This was an unexpected finding and requires further study. D
[Left ventricular hypertrophy of athletes: adaptative physiologic response of the heart]
Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 2005
To verify whether left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) of elite competition athletes (marathoners) represents a purely physiological, adaptative process, or it may involve pathological aspects in its anatomical and functional characteristics. From November 1999 to December 2000, consecutive samples from 30 under 50-year-old marathoners in full sportive activity, with previously documented LVH and absence of cardiopathy were selected. They were submitted to clinical exams, electrocardiogram, color Doppler echocardiogram and exercise treadmill test (ETT). Fifteen were assorted to be also submitted to ergoespirometric test and heart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In ETT, all of them showed good physical pulmonary capacity, with no evidences of ischemic response to exercise, symptoms or arrhythmias. In Doppler echocardiogram, values of diameter and diastolic thickness of LV posterior wall, interventricular septum, LV mass and left atrium diameter, were significantly higher when compare...
Left ventricular mass, geometry and filling in elite female and male endurance athletes
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2000
We compared echocardiographic findings in female (nΩ30) and male (nΩ30) endurance athletes to age-matched female (nΩ15) and male (nΩ15) sedentary controls. The differences between athletes and controls were similar in both sexes; only left ventricular (LV) mass and septum thickness differed slightly more in men than in women (67% vs 55%, PΩ0.004, and 36% vs 30%, PΩ0.03, respectively). LV wall thicknesses were in the normal range in all
Echocardiographic parameters in athletes of different sports
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2008
Competitive athletics is often associated with moderate left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and it has been hypothesized that training mode and type of exercise modulates long-term cardiac adaptation. The purpose of the study was to compare cardiac structure and function among athletes of various sports and sedentary controls. Standard transthoracic two-dimensional M-mode and Doppler echocardiography was performed at rest in Caucasian male canoe/kayak paddlers (n = 9), long distance runners (LDR, n = 18), middle distance runners (MDR, n = 17), basketball players (BP, n = 31), road cyclists (n = 8), swimmers (n = 10), strength/power athletes (n = 9) of similar age (range, 15 to 31 yrs), training experience (4 to 9 years), and age-matched healthy male sedentary controls (n = 15). Absolute interventricular septum (IVS) thickness and LV wall thickness, but not LV diameter, were greater in athletes than sedentary controls. Left ventricular mass of all athletes but relative wall thickness ...
Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes
European Heart Journal, 2012
Endurance training may be associated with arrhythmogenic cardiac remodelling of the right ventricle (RV). We examined whether myocardial dysfunction following intense endurance exercise affects the RV more than the left ventricle (LV) and whether cumulative exposure to endurance competition influences cardiac remodelling (including fibrosis) in well-trained athletes.