Density, Shatter index, and Combustion properties of briquettes produced from groundnut shells, rice husks and saw dust of Daniellia oliveri (original) (raw)
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Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2014
Objective: This study investigated the potential use of sawdust of Daniellia oliveri (African Copaiba Balsam Tree), Rice husk and Groundnut shells to make briquettes for energy generation. Methodology and Result: Doughnut shaped briquettes were produced from three biomass materials at 15%, 25%, and 35% level of starch binder in binary and tertiary combinations. Density, Shatter index and Combustion properties of the briquettes were investigated. The compressed density of Daniellia oliveri + Groundnut briquettes was highly significant (P<0.01) at 2.32g/cm 3. The relaxed density was highly significant (P<0.01) among the biomass materials and binder levels. Daniellia + Groundnut briquettes recorded the highest relaxed density of 2.46g/cm 3 at 25% starch binder. Daniellia + Groundnut briquettes recorded the highest shatter resistance of 90.4. The specific heat of combustion of briquettes ranged from 4455.0Kcal/kg to 4734.0Kcal/kg. Conclusion and Application of Results: The relative high heating values of the briquettes biomass materials indicate that they can be a very good alternative source of energy for domestic cooking. It is therefore recommended that sawdust of Daniellia oliveri, Rice husk and Groundnut shells that are usually discarded as waste in Nigeria could be converted to briquettes, which will serve as alternative source of energy for domestic cooking.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management (JASEM), 2020
This study investigated the use of agro-wastes for the production of briquettes. Briquettes were produced from a combination of groundnut shell, rice husk, sawdust and wastepaper using the 20:70:10, 30:60:10, 40:50:10, 50:40:10, 60:30:10 and 70:20:10 ratio. The feedstock of each blend was fed into a square mould [60mm] and screw-pressed at 20 MPa in a dwelling time of 60 seconds. Moisture content, density and combustion characteristics (ignition time and calorific value) of the briquettes were determined. Data obtained were analysed using appropriate statistical tools. The moisture content of all the briquettes ranged between 8 to 15%. The briquettes density was in the range of 800 to 900 kg.m −3 , while the calorific value ranged from 0.03 to 0.19 and 0.02 to 0.27 MJkg −1 for Saw dust-rice husk-paper (SRP) and groundnut shell-saw dust-paper (GSP) briquettes. The quality of the briquettes in terms of density and burning time showed that 20% sawdust: 70% rice husk: 10% paper combination had a higher relaxed density of 387.4kg/m 3 , while on the basis of moisture content and ignition time, 70% sawdust: 20% rice husk: 10% paper combination had the least moisture content and ignition time of 16.7% and 18seconds, respectively. RSP had higher calorific value, lower ignition time, but less durability than GSP. However, the compressed and relaxed densities of SRP and GSP briquettes were significantly difference (p<0.05). The durability of the briquettes improved with increased starch proportion. It can be concluded that production of SRP and GSP briquettes is an effective and efficient agricultural waste disposal technique.
Characterization of Rice Husk and Coconut Shell Briquette as an Alternative Solid Fuel
Advanced Energy Conversion Materials
The physical properties of briquettes made from rice husk and coconut shell in different ratios were evaluated based on their thermo-physical properties. The calculated calorific values of the rice husk and coconuts hell are 16.51 MJ/kg and 18.60 MJ/kg, with densities of 1.50 g/cm3 and 3.00 g/cm3, respectively. Coconut shell has lower moisture and ash content of 10% and 26%, respectively, before briquetting. Comparisons of the experimental and calculated calorific values of the briquettes (17 to 21 MJ/kg) showed that they are in agreement with those of the American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) and those reported in the literature. The results further showed that the calorific values of the five briquette ratios were not a function of their moisture and ash contents, rather their total carbon contents. The briquette at the ratio 90:10 of rice husk to coconut shell has the highest calorific value and implies that it has more heating advantages and will therefore be suitable as...
Evaluation of Briquettes Produced from Charred Sawdust, Corncob and Ricehusk
The International Journal of Science & Technoledge
The use of firewood, twigs and charcoal as fuel sources has resulted increase in the rate of deforestation. This study evaluated the physical and chemical properties of briquettes produced from charred farm wastes to supplement the use of charcoal and firewood. Charred farm wastes namely; corncob, rice husk and sawdust were used to produce the briquette with starch as the binding material. A ratio of 100 %, 50-50 % and 33.33 % mixture of the raw material were used in preparation of the briquettes. Laboratory tests including shatter index, boiling test, proximate and ultimate analysis were carried out to determine the physical and chemical qualities of the developed briquettes. From results obtained, sawdust briquette with the least density (325.6kg/m 3) recorded the least boiling time of 30mins compared to the other samples. The proximate analysis showed that, the mixture of corncob and sawdust briquette had the highest values of volatile matter (71.48%) and fixed carbon content (19.99%), least amounts of ash content (2.29%) and moisture content (6.24). Mixture of corncob and sawdust also had the highest heating value of 30804.72kJ/kg. The production of briquettes from these waste materials as shown in this study provides alternate fuel to charcoal or firewood as well as helps manage waste disposal.
Production of Fuel Briquettes from Hybrid Waste (Blend of Saw-Dust and Groundnut Shell)
Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (JMET), 2019
There is a great increase in the demand and cost of energy globally. The cost of purchasing petrol fuel is quite high; this has led the rural dwellers to concentrate on firewood as an alternative means of cooking, action which has greatly affected our ecosystem. This research is focused on the production of briquettes using waste sawdust and groundnut shell with starch and condemn oil as binder. These waste materials can be converted into a product that will provide alternative energy to the people rather than constituting environmental problems. The briquettes were produced using a modified briquetting machine developed at the Federal University of Petroleum Resources Engineering workshop. It was observed that the density of the briquette produced increased with blend ratio, amount of binder and compaction time. Optimisation technique predicted briquette density of 278.1 kg/m 3 at the optimal level of 8.0, 10% and 50 minutes for the blend, binder and compaction time respectively. Combustion related properties of the briquette at the optimum level were density(277.9 kg/m 3), ash content (25.29%), moisture content (4.68 %wt), bulk density (3.03) g/cm 3) and burning rate (0.46 g/min) and these values are in accordance with previous research studies. Conclusively, the briquette fuel formed is effective, affordable and can be used as solid fuels to support heating in local and industrialized settings. In addition, establishing a small briquetting firm will serve as an alternative source of energy for cooking, create job opportunities and raise the standard of living of youths.
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2013
In this study, the variation of steady-state combustion rate (otherwise called normalized burn rate, NBR) with the density, moisture content, and geometry of sawdust, palm fibre and rice husk briquettes, burned in free air was investigated. The quest for alternative fuel for heating and cooking as a result of depletion of fossil fuel and environmental pollution associated with its burning has necessitated the need to improve on the use of loose agro-waste as alternative in Nigeria. Cylindrical briquettes were used through out the experiment except for the effect of geometry where cylindrical briquettes with central hole and cylindrical solid briquettes were used. The briquettes were formed by compression of the pulp in the mould with an Instron compression test machine at a pressure range between 1.5 and 7.5 N mm À2 which formed briquettes with densities between 200 and 500 kg m À3 . The results show that the NBR for the three selected briquette samples: wood sawdust, palm fibre, and rice husk, respectively, was found to decrease as the density and moisture content increases. It was observed that hollow briquette had a higher NBR than that of solid briquette of the same pressure and relaxed diameter with sawdust having the highest variation and rice husk the least. The results show that briquettes could be a viable alternative to fuel wood. V C 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.
Energy Evaluation of Various Compositions of Biomass Waste Briquettes
Advances in Research
This study focused on evaluation of energy values and performance of briquettes prepared from biomass wastes such as sawdust, rice husk and their composites using two binders (starch and clay) when fired in briquette stove. The briquettes produced are composed of locally sourced biowastes of uniform grain sizes (0.5 mm) and two binders in percentage composition of 90:10 which were sun-dried, prepared and compressed. Combustion-related properties (%volatile matter, % ash content, % fixed carbon and calorific value of raw materials) were determined for the sample materials (sawdust, rice husk and starch). Performance tests on 12 different briquettes which included water boiling time, burning time, ignition time, heating rate, fuel consumption rate and cooking efficiency test were carried out. The briquettes were subjected to energy evaluation tests using a bomb Calorimeter. The mean bulk densities of the briquettes produced from the different samples were determined. The test results show that the calorific value of mahogany sawdust, gmelina, oak, composite of mahogany/gmelina/oak, rice husk and gmelina/rice husk briquettes with binder starch were 4.516 kcal/g, 4.1487 kcal/g, 4.4312 kcal/g, 3.8614 kcal/g, 4.0531 kcal/g, 4.067 kcal/g respectively and with clay as binder were 1.9003 kcal/g, 1.5331 kcal/g, 1.8156 kcal/g, 1.2458 kcal/g, 1.4375 kcal/g, 1.4451 kcal/g respectively. The ignition time of 0.206 min, boiling time of 18.1 min, fuel consumption rate of 33.2 g/min and burning time of 42.21 min of mahogany briquette with Original Research Article
Thermal Analyses of Briquette Fuels Produced from Coal Dust and Groundnut Husk
Thermal Analyses of Briquette Fuels Produced from Coal Dust and Groundnut Husk, 2020
This work involved the production and thermal characterization of biomass briquettes produced by blending a major agricultural waste with coal dust. In the work, nine different compositions of coal dust/groundnut husk briquettes were produced using starch as the binder while Ca(OH2) was incorporated as the de-sulphurizing agent. The ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture content, compressive strength, ignition time, calorific value, water boiling test and burning rate were carried out to determine the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the briquettes produced. The results showed that moisture content values are in the range 2.43-6.44%, for compressive strength 7.72-10.85 N/mm3, for ash content 24.18-29.15 %, for calorific value 21714.17-25027.18 kJ/kg, for fixed carbon 16.77-53.22 %, for ignition time 22.23-45.20 s, for water boiling test 1.50-4.99 min and burning rate 16.10-28.32 g/min. These are appreciable values for the thermal properties of the bio-briquettes. Therefore, the agro-wastes briquettes are beneficial for heating purposes rather than open incineration of the wastes. 1.0. Introduction: Solid waste management is one of the major problems in Nigeria. This is not only found in the urban areas but also at the rural areas. The major waste generated at the rural areas is agricultural waste or residue (crop by-product). Despite this level of waste generation, the rural dwellers still rely on wood fuel and charcoal fuel for heating, cooking and other purposes [1]. These agricultural wastes are regarded as renewable energy sources, they are thought to be a better option since the non-renewable such as kerosene, diesel, gasoline have the capability not to be replenished and would be exhausted. More so, the environmental impacts as a result of emissions of CO2, SO2, NOx during combustion of the non-renewable resources, prompted the use of renewable for cooking and heating purposes [2]. Bio-coal briquettes have wide range of industrial and domestic applications, with very lower ash content, long shelf-life and no danger of fire or explosion of the fuel. It saves the trees as the practice of cutting of trees for fuel is replaced by these better quality briquettes. The briquettes are biodegradable fuel that does not leave residues and cause contamination to the water and soil. It also acts as a good substitute for polluting fuels as well as costly renewable energy resource and they can be produced in almost every part of the world where bio-mass is easily available [3]. Bio-coal briquette is a type of solid fuel prepared by compacting pulverized coal, biomass, binder and sulphur fixation agent. The high pressure involved in the process ensures that the coal and the biomass particles are sandwiched and adhered together, as a result they do not separate during transportation, storage and combustion. During combustion, the co-combustion of the coal and the biomass gives a better combustion performance and reduces pollutant emission that is bio-coal briquette has a favorable ignition, better thermal efficiency, emits less dust and soot [4]. The mechanism behind this is that, since the biomass component of the briquette ignites at low temperature compared to the coal, this ensures that the volatile matter in the coal which would have otherwise be liberated as smoke at low combustion temperature combusts completely. Furthermore, the presence of sulphur fixation agent known as desulfurizing agent ensures that most of the sulphur content of the coal is fixed into the ash instead of being liberated into the atmosphere as SO2 [5]. The use of briquetting for conversion of agricultural residues is comparatively recent, however, and has only been taken up in developing countries in the last few years. Main agricultural residues that are produced are rice husk, coconut dregs, hay, groundnut husk, jatropha husk, palm nut shell, corn cob and cotton stem. Beside the problem of transportation, storage and operation, open burning of this bio waste with traditional style without control has continued to cause critical air pollution. Agricultural waste covers a wide range of different species which show large variation in composition and fuel characteristics [6]. However, the percentage composition of the combustible elements in the agricultural waste whether in loose form or briquette form are very low compared to fossil fuels [7]. Hence the low emissions of the oxides of the combustible elements, the emission of CO2 form the combustion of biomass (agricultural waste) is equivalent to the amount of CO2 absorbed during its growing cycle, so the net CO2 released is approximately zero by mass [8]. The impact of agricultural waste on the environment depends not only on the amounts generated but also on the disposal methods used. Some of the disposal practices pollute the environment. The potential threat posed by climate change, due to high emission levels of greenhouse gases (CO2 being the most important one), has become a major stimulus for renewable energy sources in general. When produced by sustainable means, biomass emits roughly the same amount of carbon during conversion as is taken up during plant growth. The use of biomass therefore does not contribute to a buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere [9]. Hence the need at the moment in the densification of this agricultural waste in developing countries is the development of an appropriate briquetting machine suitable to the local communities. For biomass to make a significant impact as fuel for rural communities, it is imperative that an efficient, cost effective and easy to duplicate technology is developed specifically for rural communities. The objective of the study is to produce smokeless briquettes from coal and groundnut husk. To investigate whether the thermal properties of briquettes produced would show the briquettes are good source of heat energy, thereby serving as alternative to wood fuel to mitigate against deforestation. 2.0. Materials and Methods 2.1. Preparation of the samples The Sub-bituminous coal sample from Onyeama mine was sourced at Nigeria Coal Corporation, Enugu, sundried to reduce its moisture content, broken into smaller sizes, ground in an electric milling machine to pass through 1mm sieve and stored. The groundnut husk was collected from Kpirikpiri market at Abakaliki, sun dried, ground and sieved through 1mm sieve and stored. 2.2. Preparation of the briquette samples The briquettes were produced using a manual hydraulic briquetting machine with three cylindrical moulds. Briquettes of coal and groundnut husk of different compositions were produced by the addition of 30 g of Ca(OH)2 as de-sulphurizing agent, while 20 g of starch dissolved in hot water was added as binder. The blend was added 50 ml of water and mixed properly until a paste was formed, scooped and placed in the mould. The pressure and compression force of 276.36 N and 31.67 N/m 2 was maintained for 20 min before the briquettes were extruded. After production, the briquettes were sun dried for 7 days before analyses [9].
Nigerian Journal of Technology
Energy used for domestic application is expensive and utilization of an alternative energy has become imperative. The study evaluated the combustion properties of briquettes produced from sawdust particles of Ficus exasperata and Cassava peel using different binders. Sawdust was mixed with the binders at a ratio (60 : 40) top bond, (40 : 60) starch and (60 : 40) cow dung, while the cassava peel mixed with the binders at a ratio (40:60) top bond, (60 : 40) starch and (40 : 60) cattle dung. This is followed by admixture of sawdust and cassava peel with the binders at ratio (25 : 25 : 50) top bond, (25 : 25 : 50) sawdust and (25 : 25 : 50) cattle dung, and substrate mixed with binders at ratio (20 : 20 : 20 : 20 : 20) respectively. Data analysis was carried out using a two-way analysis of variance. The proximate composition result reveals that the percentage ash content was significant at p<0.05. Results on binders revealed that heating value (HV) was highest at starch (32.48Mj/kg) ...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2017
The increasing in world population and the industrial sector led to increased demand for energy sources. To do this by utilizing the agricultural waste as a fuel source of alternative energy in the form of bio briquette. The aim at this study was to obtain data onto the characteristics of a wide variety of biomass briquettes from waste agricultural industry. The basic ingredients used are biomass waste from coconut husks, sawdust, rice husks and coffee husks. Each of these biomass residues are dried, crushed, then mixed with starch adhesives. This mixture is molded and dried using sunlight. Each type of briquettes was characterized and analyzed the physical-chemical properties, including calorific value, water content, fixed carbon content and the results were compared with charcoal and coal that was used as fuel in public. The results showed that bio briquettes from coconut husks get the highest calorific value of 4,451 cal/g.