Brazil and The Fog of (Cyber)War (original) (raw)
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Examining the perspective of public policies in cyber defense area the Brazilian case
Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval, 2022
This article analyzes the importance of public policies aiming at cyberspace in Brazil in the period from 2000 to 2023. The question that guides the text is: how did the Brazilian governments in this period present their cyber defense objectives in their respective "National Defense White Papers", the 2008 and 2020 National Defense Strategy and other high-level national defense documents, transforming them into effective actions? The methodology adopted is exploratory research with a qualitative approach. The hypothesis of this research is that although there has been the creation of norms and the development of initiatives that demonstrate the greater importance of cyber defense for Brazil in the 21st century, we can verify the lack of initiatives marked by the conception of long-term public policies. This article is structured in three topics. The first one brings a succinct debate on public policies in the defense area. The second topic analyzes the development of norms and public policies in Brazil aimed at cyber defense. The third topic presents some policies adopted and examples of the cybernetic capacity obtained by this country.
Multilateral Security Governance, 2014
Cybersecurity may be thought of as part of a broader trend: the expansion of the meaning of international security over the past three decades, and especially in the post-Cold War era (Tickner 1995). Frequently pigeonholed within the category of "non-traditional security threats," cybersecurity has emerged, as Hansen and Nissenbaum (2009) put it, "as a distinct sector with a specific constellation of threats and referent objects," especially "network security" and "individual security." There is no single definition of cybersecurity within the international relations literature, nor any consensus about its transformative potential; some scholars arguing that cyber threats are overstated, while others contend that networked technologies, including those that link into non-digital infrastructure and systems, present revolutionary challenges (Kello 2013).
RBED, 2019
In this article we compare the main regulations employed by the United States and Brazil for their respective cybersecurity and cyber defence. From this comparison we produced four main conclusions. First, the absence of an effective public policy for cybersecurity and cyber defence in the United States left the country vulnerable to Russian cyber-attacks that influenced the course of the 2016 Presidential Election. Second, the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, which was supported by Barack Obama, who was President at the time, would have increased US protection against cyber-attacks. However, the bill did not become law because it was defeated in the US Senate. Third, if Brazil had enacted legislation similar to the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, the country would have prevented most of the fake news and cyber-attacks that occurred in its own 2018 Presidential Election. Fourth, the main initiatives of the Cybersecurity Act of 2012 can still be implemented by both the United States and Brazil. To reach these conclusions, we compared intended purpose of the Cybersecurity Act of 2012, with facts that highlight the consequent failures in cybersecurity and cyber defence in the United States and Brazil. Keywords: cybersecurity; cyber defence; cyber-attacks; Cybersecurity Act of 2012; Internet regulation; cyber safety in the United States; cyber safety in Brazil.
CYBER SECURITY VS. CYBER DEFENSE – A PORTUGUESE VIEW ON THE DISTINCTION.
The current Portuguese academic landscape shows a growing interest for research and debate on cyber security and cyber defense. Yet, as in most countries, there is not yet a consensus on which concept is what. On the public sphere, and despite grate care in assuring the proper legal functioning of cyber security initiatives and institutions, there is a clear, although discrete, move to strengthen Cyber Defense capabilities and authorities. Amongst all the “Political Guidance for Cyber Defense” clearly being the leading Strategy.
The Fog of (Cyber)War: Controversies Revised
CANABARRO, D. R. ; BORNE, T. . The Fog of (Cyber)War: Controversies Revised. In: ISA Annual Conference, 2013, San Francisco - CA - EUA. ISA Annual Conference Paper Archive, 2013, on line. The spread of contemporary information and communication technologies among state and non-state actors adds new dimensions to the study of diffusion in global politics. The Digital Era brings about different challenges for national and international security policymaking, heating up academic and political debate surrounding the scope and the implications of the term “cyberwar.” This paper presents some cyberwar-related policies that have been adopted by Brazil over the past years. By applying content analysis, it then surveys the evolution of academic and technical production on cyberwar with the intention of providing the intellectual background for the critical evaluation of the Brazilian case. Finally, it details the prospective research agenda that follows from the evaluation of the Brazilian case.
Portuguese National Cyberspace Security Strategy EN.PDF
Page Society, the economy and the state depend on information and communications technology (ICT). We have witnessed the accelerated development of an information society and the growing dependency on ICT in areas vital to the functioning of the nation. The definition of a digital agenda allows the provision of economic and social benefits, stimulates job creation, sustainability and social inclusion, maximising the benefits new technologies have to offer and to improve the structure of the national framework.
The rise of cyber power in Brazil
Revista Brasileira De Politica Internacional, 2022
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Cybersecurity Policy-Related Developments in Latin America
2022
Latin American countries begin to develop their national-level cyber policy including their cybersecurity strategy. The paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of the strategy development processes in six Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The methodology is based on a mixed approach. For the quantitative analysis, the National Cyber Security Index and UNIDIR Cyber Policy Portal were used, while for the qualitative analysis a document analysis was carried out on the national strategies. Analysing national data based on the NCSI, Chile stands out overall, however, the country is still in the initial phase in terms of digital and essential service protection, personal data protection and cyber crisis management. Brazil's position is interesting, standing at 3 rd place overall, being the most targeted country by cyberattacks in the region. Brazil stands out in terms of cyber threat analysis and military cyber operations. Based on the document analysis, Chile and Argentina have a more holistic cybersecurity strategy, including factors such as cybersecurity education, cybercrime detection, regulatory framework, and the aim to cooperate with international and industrial partners.