Деформация черепов вследствие культурно-бытовых традиций (по антропологическим материалам памятников Армении эпох бронзы и железа) // Историко-филологический журнал НАН РА, 2016. № 1 (201). С. 159-178. (original) (raw)
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Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии, 2014
Предложена реконструкция событий жизни и смерти трех индивидов. На черепах наблюдались нарушения целостности костей, связанные с травматическими последствиями. У всех исследованных индивидов обнаружены инфекционные заболевания (лепра, периостит, гайморит). Исследованные индивиды относились к социальному слою, представители которого испытывали недостаток в необходимых продуктах. Люди с физическими недостатками, инфекционными заболеваниями воспринимались обществом как существа неполноценные, а потому не заслуживающие внимания. The paper undertakes life and death reconstruction of three individuals. On the skulls, they observed crippling of cranial bones due to traumatic consequences. All the three investigated persons were found with infectious diseases (lepra, periostitis, antritis). The social stratum they belonged to suffered a shortage of necessary food. People with physical defects and infectious diseases were regarded by the society as defective creatures, thus, not deserving attention.
Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии, 2015
Subject to discovery and description being cases of trepanations with representatives of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age from the territory of Armenia. Totally, subject to investigation being 130 crania from 6 burial sites. Eight of the identified perforations are located on parietal bones, and one each perforation - on temporal and occipital bones. The crania belong to 6 males and 1 female, with one cranium not identified on grounds of sex, as well as to 1 child (aged 8–10). The males’ age: from 18 up to 60, the female’s age: 25–30. Symbolic trepanations - cuts on occipital bones - being identified with 15 individuals; while 3 individuals being fixed with surface abnormalities of the external bone compact, resembling «scraping». Besides, the investigated materials revealed two possible. cases of posthumous trepanation. Обнаружены и описаны случаи трепанации у представителей населения эпохи поздней бронзы и раннего железного века территории Армении. Всего исследовано 130 черепов из 6 могильников. Восемь обнаруженных перфораций располагаются на теменных костях, по одной — на височной и затылочной костях. Черепа принадлежат 6 мужчинам в возрасте от 18 до 60 лет, женщине 25–30 лет и ребенку 8–10 лет, у одного индивида пол не определен. Символические трепанации — порезы на теменных костях — обнаружены у 15 индивидов, у трех зафиксированы поверхностные нарушения внешней компакты, похожие на «выскабливания». Выявлены два возможных случая посмертной трепанации.
The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin / Нижневолжский археологический вестник, 2022
Аbstract. Unusual defects mainly in the form of surface ellipsoid or less commonly sub-circular indentations were recorded on the skulls of mature individuals from the Eneolithic burial grounds in the forest-steppe area of the Volga region (Yekaterinovsky cape). Almost all of the defects are localized on the parietal bones. The origin of the small-sized lesions could be associated with trauma. The large defects occur due to additional surgical prophylaxis by scraping. There are separate cases of classical end-to-end trepanation (burial 57/1, 83). The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the identified defects with similar injuries on the materials from ancient burial grounds of the Volga region (Khvalynsk I, II), other regions and periods of Europe. Ritual character connected to age initiation rites was previously attributed to their origin. This thesis is supported by new source discovery (Yekaterinovsky cape). The probability of the so-called symbolic trepanation is considered. We do not exclude these types of reasons. However, priority in determining the technical content of the period of trauma development that accompanied the ritual is given to other target settings. Their natural appearance was initially associated with "shock symbols" and after the entire ceremony, if necessary, surface trepanation was used for medicinal purposes. Such marginal traditions are usually characteristic of ancient highly organized and influential societies, which is confirmed by archaeological data, in particular, regarding the fame and role of the Khvalyn Eneolithic population in the cultural processes of the central regions of Eurasia. The beginning of the trauma ritual in the Volga region was laid at least in the 6 th millennium BC (Yekaterinovsky cape), then adapted and developed by the ancient Khvalyn groups.
Историко-филологический журнал НАН РА, 2014
The anthropologists utilized different methods for each skeleton within a cemetery sample. The aspiration to change appearance is peculiar to mankind in such displays, as, for example, the artificial deformation of a head. The custom of deliberate ring deformation of a head was known in ancient and early medieval populations of the Shirak plain (Beniamin, Shirakavan, Karmrakar,Vardbagh, Byurakn). Such deformations were also discovered during excavations of Samtavro and Mingechaur and other regions. The phenomenon of artificial skull modifications identified in ancient burial sites in Armenia clearly points to the emergence of social complexity and class differentiation, and earlier it was documented and widespread among the Sarmatians and Scythians. There was a clear anthropological evidence for the decapitation of individual from Shirakavan. Holding the victim by hair, the head of the woman was cut with a sword. Decapitation was associated with the cult of the skull, war, trophy, shameaggression war. In case of another woman several fine incision marks were observed, some parallel to each other. Scalping was incomplete. It is likely then that the scalp from the top of the head was removed by cutting across the front and along the sides. An ancient skull from Shirakavan also showed the evidence of trepanation. Trepanation, achieved using a drilling technique, created a hole which was noted on the right parietal bone of the funnel-shaped type. The symbolic trepanation was known in the ancient populations of Armenia (Beniamin, Vardbagh, Shirakavan, Karmrakar, the Black Fortress). From anthropological literature it is known, that scalping and trepanations were used in various rituals. The data of monuments of Shirak plain are rare and have great value for anthropological and ethnographic study of ancient and early medieval Armenian population.
Об искусственной деформации черепов степных культур эпохи бронзы
Казарницкий А.А., Капинус Ю.О., Григорьев А.П. Об искусственной деформации черепов степных культур эпохи бронзы // Stratum plus, №2. 2021. С. 307-318., 2021
Искусственная деформация черепов известна среди носителей степных культур эпохи бронзы. Через тысячи лет эта традиция снова встречается в степях Восточной Европы в могильниках первых веков нашей эры. Авторы исследуют сагиттальные контуры деформированных черепов с помощью методов геометрической морфометрии. Материалом послужили черепа эпохи ранней и средней бронзы Северо-Западного Прикаспия. Дополнительно привлекались деформированные черепа из северо-восточной окраины распространения катакомбной культуры (эпоха бронзы) и из памятников позднесарматской культуры (позднеантичное время). Установлена слабая вариация затылочно-теменной уплощенности черепа, характерная для носителей ямной, ямно-катакомбной и раннекатакомбной культур Северо-Западного Прикаспия. Среди представителей восточноманычской катакомбной культуры наблюдается иной, более изменчивый и сложный вариант деформации: увеличение высоты мозгового отдела при уменьшении его длины. Будучи более распространен на юге ареала катакомбной культурно-исторической общности, он воспроизводился и на северо-восточной его окраине, но редко и несколько иначе. Сравнение сагиттальных контуров деформированных черепов катакомбной и позднесарматской культур показало отчетливые различия между ними.
Revista de Arheologie, Antropologie şi Studii Interdisciplinare (RAASI), №3, 2021
The aim of this paper is to make a synthesis of the archaeological findings of artificially deformed skulls from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic from Azerbaijan, Caucasus and Near East. Three main methods of artificial deformation of the head (skull) were widely popular in this region: circular, fronto-occipital and parietal. Apart from intentional deformation, there are also cases of accidental deformation: cradle (beshik) and tumpline deformations. Modified skulls were found on the territory of South Caucasus and the Near East in the following Neolithic-Chalcolithic archaeological sites: Polutepe, Ismayilbeytepe (Azerbaijan); Chiaturi (Georgia), Aknalich (Armenia); Ginchi, Velikent III (Dagestan, Russian Federation); Mugharet el-Wad (Israel); Jericho (Palestine); Byblos (Lebanon); Tell Ramad, Buqras (Syria); Ain-Jebrud (Jordan), Tepe Ganj Dareh, Ghenil Tepe, Ali Kosh, Chogha Sefid, Qumrud, Tepe Sialk, Tepe Abdul Hosein, Chogha Mish, Seh Gabi (Iran); Khirokitia, Mylouthkia, Erimi, Karavas (Yirisma) (Cyprus); Shanidar, Eridu, Tell Arpachiyah, Tell Nader, Telul eth-Thalahat (Iraq); Ashikli Höyük, Salat Jami, Hakemi Use, Sheyh Höyük, Gözlü Kule, Kurban Höyük, Degirmantepe, Baklatepe, Chadyr Höyük, Arslantepe (Turkey). The Polutepe female skull has frontal-occipital deformations combined with cradle deformation. It is similar, considering the methods of deformation, to the artificially deformed skulls from Tepe Ganj Dareh, Tepe Abdul Hosein, Tell Arpachiyah (skull E) and Khirokitia. Most likely, the custom of artificial deformation of the head came to Azerbaijan and Caucasus in Neolithic-Chalcolithic period form the Near East. The skull from Polutepe is the earliest finding of artificially deformed skulls on the territory of Caucasus (the second half of 5th - beginning of 4th millenium BC).
Հնագույն հասարակություններում դիակիզումը կարևորագույն ծեսերից է եղել: ՀՀ Լոռու մարզի Շնող գյուղի Բովեր դամբարանադաշտում 2009–2011 թթ. կատարված պեղումների արդյունքում հայտնաբերվել են դիակիզման ակնհայտ հետքերով կմախքներ: Չնայած դրանց բեկորային և վատ պահպանված լինելուն՝ հնարավոր է որոշել ննջեցյալների սեռատարիքային կազմը (երկու տղամարդ, մեկ կին, մեկն՝ անորոշ): Ոսկորներն արտաքինից ունեն մանր ճաքեր. դրանց մակերեսին հավասարապես այրվելու հետքեր չկան: Ննջեցյալներից մեկը հասուն տարիքի է, երեքը՝ երիտասարդ: Թաղման ծեսի ուսումնասիրությունը կարևոր է նաև վաղ շրջանի հասարակության և մարդու մասին մեր պատկերացումներն ամբողջացնելու համար: In ancient societies cremation has been one of the most important rituals. On the bones of the skeleton in the Bover cemetery near the village of Shnogh in Lori region in 2009–2011 distinct traces of cremation were found. Despite the poor integrity and fragmentation of cremated bones, it is possible to determine the age and the sex of individuals (2 men, one woman, one – not clear). The outer surface bones are covered by small cracks, the surface is not uniformly burnt. In 3 cases the age estimation shows young, one – an adult. The study of the burial rite is of great importance for the full understanding of the early societies and people.