REVIEW: Aortic Atheromas: Current Concepts and Controversies-A Review of the Literature (original) (raw)

The frequent use of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) has led to the increased recognition of aortic atheromas. Retrospective and prospective follow-up studies have reported an association between aortic atheromas and stroke in the high-risk patient population, with complex plaques being more likely to embolize than simple plaques. However, TEE-based studies in the low-risk cohorts have failed to show a similar association. There is growing body of evidence suggesting that aortic atheroma is a marker of generalized atherosclerosis. Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) scan are emerging as a powerful noninvasive tool for characterization of aortic atheromas, TEE is the imaging modality of choice. Currently, treatment of aortic atheromas is not well defined, and mixed outcomes have been reported for anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. Statins appear promising based on their plaque stabilization properties. However, there are no randomized control trials to establish the role of both anticoagulation and statins in patients with aortic atheromas, and are warranted in the future. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 25, February 2008) aortic atheroma, mobile components, stroke, thoracic aorta, transesophageal echocardiogram, vascular imaging Stroke is the third leading cause of death in United States, with approximately 40% of them being cryptogenic in etiology. 1 Since the introduction of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), aortic atheromatous plaque, also referred to as aortic atheroma, has been suspected to be a hidden source of embolic stroke. It is unclear whether aortic atheroma is a risk factor for stroke, or a risk marker for generalized atherosclerosis, or an innocent bystander. 2 Due to this uncertainty, clinicians face a dilemma in treating patients with aortic atheromas. This review discusses the classification of aortic theromatous plaques, their epidemiology, and the clinical trials that have studied their embolic risk. It also details current diagnostic imaging tools and treatment options.