Staphylococcus aureus Thesis (original) (raw)
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Plant-derived drug against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, 2024
The study was planted to assess the in vitro antibacterial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Pudina (Mentha arvensis), Garlic (Allium sativum), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii), against Multi Drug Resistant strains of S. aureus sourced from bubaline mastitis. Concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10mg/100μL were tested using agar well diffusion, while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined via broth dilution and MSA plates respectively. Ciprofloxacin served as the standard antibiotic, showing an 18.2 ± 0.66mm zone of inhibition. Ethanolic extracts from all plants, except Garlic, exhibited superior activity compared to Ciprofloxacin and aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extract of Turmeric showed the highest activity with a 26.4±2.42mm zone of inhibition. Pudina, Curry leaves, and Tulsi had moderate activity with 22±2.09, 22.2±1.82, and 22.8±2.26mm zones of inhibition at a 10mg/100ml concentration. Ethanolic garlic extract had lower activity, with a 12±0.83mm zone of inhibition at the same concentration. Aqueous extracts were less effective than ethanolic ones at all concentrations with statistically significant differences (p<0.01). Pudina, Curry leaves, Tulsi, and Turmeric had similar MIC and MBC values (1.562 mg/ml) against all resistant strains, lower than other extracts. Both ethanolic and aqueous Garlic extracts shared similar MIC and MBC values (6.250 mg/ml). This study suggests the potential use of these plants in treating diseases caused by MDR S. aureus. Further research is needed to identify the active phytochemicals responsible for their antibacterial activity.
Infections caused by the group of Staphylococcus bacteria are commonly called Staph infections, and over 30 types of Staphylococcal bacteria exist with Staphylococcus aureus causing about 90% of the infections from the genus. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of both hospital-and communityacquired infections with major concern arising from its strain of species that is resistant to many antibiotics. One of such strain is the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that has been described to be a resistance to methicillin drugs. Another is glycopeptides-resistant emerging from the increased use of glycopeptides drugs. This continuous emergence and spread of new resistant strains of S. aureus is a major challenge which makes the search for novel anti-resistant agents imperative. The development of vaccines from natural and synthetic products is some of the measures being proposed for the protection against the infections. Also, the development of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies for passive immunization is sought for, and attentions with regard to arriving at successful trials have been directed back to medicinal plant research as an alternative. This review discusses the treatment strategies of MRSA, the antibacterial property of various medicinal plants, and the influence of their active compounds on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as to recommend the path to future research in this area.
Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Herbal Drug-sensitized Staphylococcus aureus Isolate
Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2017
Background: Herbal remedies are locally produced drugs usually made from plant sources. Due to their inexpensive nature, low-income individuals prefer them over modern antibiotics in the treatment of infections. Aims: The purpose of the current study was to determine the ability of a herbal drug called Goko Alcoholic Bitters (GAB) to induce resistance in opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of GAB on S. aureus, Disc diffusion method was employed to observe the zones of clearance by GAB. Overnight cultures of S. aureus grown in Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) at an optical density of 0.5 were serially diluted to 109. Five (5) different concentrations of GAB (0.018 g/ml, 0.006 g/ml, 0.002 g/ml, 0.0007 g/ml and 0.0002 g/ml) were added to the serially diluted culture. The growth responses of these different dilutions were checked against S. aureus isolate in vitro. The experiment was monitored for 24 and 48 hrs conditions using two different growth determination methods; turbidity and colony forming unit counting methods. The five (5) different conditions were further analyzed by plating 200 μl of bacterial broth on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and antibiotic sensitivity discs were embedded onto the agar. 200 μl of control bacterial Tryptone Soy broth containing S. aureus not exposed to the herbal drug was also performed alongside for comparison. This was repeated for both 24 and 48 hrs exposure to GAB. Results: The efficacy of GAB showed some levels of antimicrobial activity, however, were significantly lower compared to Ampicillin (10 μg). The growth response analysis showed gradual reduction but not complete elimination with the highest concentration of GAB. GAB-sensitized S. aureus showed resistance seen in the reduced zones of clearance to some Septrin 10 μg (SEP), Ampicillin 10 μg (AMP) and Nalidixic acid 10 μg (NA) which were effective against untreated S. aureus (control). Conclusion: GAB has some levels of antimicrobial efficacy but antibiotic resistance gets induced in the case of surviving GAB-pretreated S. aureus.
Pure and Applied Biology
Although the invention of antibiotics has reduced the morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases but the inappropriate use of antibiotics both for humans and animals has led to the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of bacteria and fungi. Among the antibiotic resistant pathogens, S. aureus is the pathogen of greatest concern due to its intrinsic virulence, its ability to cause a large number of infections and to survive under various environmental conditions. Modification of antibiotic (β-lactamases), use of alternative target site (PBP2a), efflux of antibiotics (NorA) and biofilm formation are some of the mechanisms utilized by S. aureus to develop resistance against antibiotics. This has lead to the increased interest in traditional medicine that has long been used to cure various infectious diseases at different regions of the world. Plant extracts serve as an important source to combat microbial resistance because they consist of complex mixture of phytochemical constituents against which the development of resistance is very slow. In additions, phytochemical constituents present in the plant extracts also act as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agents. The current study aims at stimulating the search of plant extracts and their phytochemical constituents to control microbial resistance. In future, plant extracts as well as their purified constituents could be used as potent therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus without obvious side effects.
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2014
Background: Resurgences of Staphylococcus aureus infection continue globally, with antibiotic resistance increasing dramatically, making these infections more difficult to treat. S. aureus epidemics impose public health threats, and economic burdens on health care costs worldwide, presenting challenges modern medicine struggles to control. Objective: In order to answer today's call for effective treatments against S. aureus, we evaluated and compared various botanical extracts that have historically been suggested as useful for their antimicrobial properties against S. aureus. Design: Briefly, S. aureus cultures were treated with selected botanical extracts and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined. In addition, to obtain more quantitative measures on bacterial growth, 24-hour growth studies were done to examine the temporal activity and stability of various botanicals on bacterial replication. Results: The antimicrobial activity observed for the botanical extracts used in this comparative evaluation of efficacy included both bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activity against S. aureus. Highly effective botanicals including Salvia officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Coleus forskohlii, Coptis chinensis, Turnera diffusa, and Larrea tridentata exhibited MIC values ranging from 60 to 300 lg/mL and a 10 6-fold reduction in bacterial replication. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Allium sativum were slightly less effective, exhibiting MIC values ranging from 90 to 400 lg/mL and a 10 5-fold reduction, while Anemopsis californica gave MIC value of 360 lg/mL and a 10 4-fold reduction in bacterial replication. Many botanicals, especially at lower doses, had an initial inhibitory effect followed by a recovery in bacterial replication. Such botanicals included E. globulus, C. chinensis, T. diffusa, A. californica, and Berberis vulgaris. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that S. officinalis, E. globulus, C. forskohlii, A. uva-ursi, C. chinensis, T. diffusa, A. californica, A. sativum, and L. tridentata all show promising direct antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. For many of these botanicals, strong bacteriocidal activity was observed at higher concentrations, but even at lower concentrations, bacteriostatic activity was evident. Other botanicals including B. vulgaris, Baptisia tinctoria, and Glycyrrhiza glabra showed moderate activity against S. aureus, while Schisandra chinensis, Echinacea angustifolia, and Polygonum multiflorum were shown to be ineffective.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2002
The inhibitory effects of methanolic extracts of 19 Jordanian plants and their combinations with seven antibiotics, on the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus were checked. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which was isolated from patient and a standard strain of S. aureus were used. Our results showed that there are variations in the effect of some combinations used on the resistant and the standard strains probably due to structural changes. Common results between the two strains showed that combinations of gentamicin and chloramphenicol could be improved by the use of plant materials, whereas nalidixic acid activity cannot be improved when combined with plant materials.
2015
Several natural products especially secondary metabolites have formed the basis of medicines, although it's been often difficult to justify the presence of these compounds in the biochemistry of plant; this as posited by Cragg et al., in their presentation on Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs, Ciba Foundation Symposium draws a challenge to scientists. It has been suggested that these compounds may have been synthesized by the plants as part of the defense system of the plant; a good example is that plants are known to produce phytoalexins as a response to attack by bacteria and fungi. Cragg and Newmann in Biodiversity: A continuing source or novel drug leads, support this though stating that the compound produced provides an invaluable resource that has been used to find new drug molecules This paper is set to identify the antimicrobial activity of these medicinal plants and their biological effects. The sampled out plant extracts include Thymus vulgaris, Berberis vulgari...