Consensus Paper: Combining Transcranial Stimulation With Neuroimaging (original) (raw)
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Non-invasive functional brain mapping using registered transcranial magnetic stimulation
Proceedings of the Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis, 1996
We d escribe a method for mapping t h e f u nctional regions of the brain using a transcranial magnetic stimulation TMS device. This device, when placed on a subject's scalp, stimulatesthe u n d erlying n eurons by generatingfocusedmagnetic eld pulses. A brain mapping i s t h en generatedby m easuring responses of di erent motor and sensory functions to t his stimulation. The k ey process in generating t his mapping i s t h e association of the 3 D p o s i t ions and orientations of the TMS probe on the scalp to a 3D brain reconstruction such as is feasible with a m agnetic resonance image MRI. We perform this matching process by 1 registering t h e s u bject's head position to a n a priori MRI scan, 2 tracking t h e 3D position orientation of the TMS probe, 3 transforming t h e TMS probe position orientation to the MRI coordinate frame, and 4 tracking movements i n t h e s u bject's headposition to factor out a n y h ead motion. The resultant process generates a high resolution, accurate brain mapping which supports surgical planning, surgical guidance, neuroanatomy research, and psychiatric therapy. When compared to o t h er functional imaging m o d alities, this approach exhibits m u c h l o w er cost, greater portability, a n d more direct active control o v er the f u nctional areas being s t udied.
Imaging the brain before, during, and after transcranial magnetic stimulation
Neuropsychologia, 1998
This article provides a brief overview of current trends in combining neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation "TMS#[ First\ I outline the utility of magnetic!resonance imaging "MRI# and frameless stereotaxy for planning\ monitoring and documenting the location of the TMS coil relative to the subject|s brain[ Second\ I describe two novel methods\ based on the combination of TMS with positron emission tomography "PET# or with electroencephalography "EEG#\ for the assessment of connectivity and excitability of the human cerebral cortex[ Finally\ I point out the utility of PET and MRI for evaluating possible long!term e}ects of repetitive TMS[ Þ 0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[
Experimentation with a transcranial magnetic stimulation system for functional brain mapping
Medical Image Analysis, 1998
We describe functional brain mapping experiments using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. This device, when placed on a subject's scalp, stimulates the underlying neurons by generating focused magnetic field pulses. A brain mapping is then generated by measuring responses of different motor and sensory functions to this stimulation. The key process in generating this mapping is the association of the 3-D positions and orientations of the TMS probe on the scalp to a 3-D brain reconstruction such as is feasible with a magnetic resonance image (MRI). We have developed a registration system which not only generates functional brain maps using such a device, but also provides real-time feedback to guide the technician in placing the probe at appropriate points on the head to achieve the desired map resolution. Functional areas we have mapped are the motor and visual cortex. Validation experiments focus on repeatability tests for mapping the same subjects several times. Applications of the technique include neuroanatomy research, surgical planning and guidance, treatment and disease monitoring, and therapeutic procedures.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Research Tool in Cognitive Neuroscience
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurostimulation and neuromodulation technique that induces electric field in the brain based on Faraday’s principle of electro-magnetic induction and thus interferes with the neural processing. Although its roots stem to the first half of the 19th century, the first successful stimulation of the human cortex was performed in 1985 by Barker (Barker, Jalinous, & Freeston, 1985). Since then, the number of published papers reporting the use of TMS has been increasing rapidly (Rossi, Hallett, Rossini, & Pascual-Leone, 2009). Despite the growing popularity of the method, the mechanisms by which it influences brain activity are not completely understood. This review gives a brief overview of the recent theories and the supporting evidence. However, the main focus of this review is the use of TMS as a research tool in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology. I will try to illustrate the broad possibilities of application of TMS in these fields, what questions it could answer, how this technique could be combined with neuroimaging, and discuss the safety considerations related to the use of TMS in non-clinical settings.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology: A review of established and prospective applications
Neurology. Clinical practice, 2013
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neurophysiologic technique to noninvasively induce a controlled current pulse in a prespecified cortical target. This can be used to transiently disrupt the function of the targeted cortical region and explore causal relations to behavior, assess cortical reactivity, and map out functionally relevant brain regions, for example during presurgical assessments. Particularly when applied repetitively, TMS can modify cortical excitability and the effects can propagate trans-synaptically to interconnected cortical, subcortical, and spinal cord regions. As such, TMS can be used to assess the functional integrity of neural circuits and to modulate brain activity with potential therapeutic intent.
Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2000
Fifteen years after its introduction by Anthony Barker, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) appears to be 'coming of age' in cognitive neuroscience and promises to reshape the way we investigate brain-behavior relations. Among the many methods now available for imaging the activity of the human brain, magnetic stimulation is the only technique that allows us to interfere actively with brain function. As illustrated by several experiments over the past couple of years, this property of TMS allows us to investigate the relationship between focal cortical activity and behavior, to trace the timing at which activity in a particular cortical region contributes to a given task, and to map the functional connectivity between brain regions.