Body and Soul: Medical Choice and Change in Nineteenth Century America (original) (raw)
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The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2000
T he delivery and the cost of health care are once again the focus of great public attention. The defeat of the Clinton health-care plan in the 1990s initiated the fastest and most sweeping changes ever in our health care system. Although the plan was conceived in idealism with an intention of providing universal coverage, it went nowhere, in large part because of the political ineptitude of our national leaders and the lobbying efforts of the insurance industry. In the process, government has essentially been eliminated as the prime mover in the organization of health care in favor of a massive experiment in which private health-care markets now deliver and manage care. Many involved in this conversion simply consider health care a marketable commodity.
Unsettling Medicine: The Social Dimension of Nineteenth-Century American Medical Practice
C19: The Society of Nineteenth-Century Americanists Fourth Biennial Conference Penn State University, 2016 Saturday, March 19, 2016. Chair: Sari Altschuler, Emory University Rebecca Rosen, Princeton University, “The Bodies of Others: Slavery and Anatomy in the Early Republic” Patrick Prominski, Michigan State University, “Seasoning and Snakebites: Popular Authors and the Professionalization of the Physician on the American Frontier, 1815-1830” Anna Mae Duane, University of Connecticut, “Tending to ‘the Little Bushman’: Uplifting Medicine at the New York Colored Orphan’s Asylum” Emily Waples, University of Michigan, “Sick Time: Toward a Temporal Poetics of American Medicine”
Barnes & Noble Books, 2020
Providing an account of the evolution of medicine, this book shows how the high-tech investigations and treatments of today grew out of the first fumblings for knowledge of the witch doctors and shamans of pre-history. Throughout, there are boxed stories on the great characters and incidents of the past, and feature spreads on turning points in medical approaches to disease. Finally, a collection of essays on medicine's future direction and development, divided into specialties written by leading experts, provides food for thought. Dr Sutcliffe is also the author of "Relaxation Techniques". "About this title" may belong to another edition of this title. CONTENTS Foreword: 6 Chapter One: The Earliest Medicine 8 P r e h is t o r ic H e a l t h : A Struggle f o r Survival 1 0 ; E g y p t ia n MEDICINE: Magic Spells as Psychotherapy 1 2 ; T h e FERTILE CRESCENT: Medicine Regulated by Law 1 4 ; MEDICINE OF THE EAST: An Alternative Tradition 16; ANCIENT GRE ECE: The Start o f the Hippocratic Tradition 1 8 ; ANCIENT ROME : Continuing the Greek Tradition 2 0 ; GALEN 2 2 ; T h e MIDDLE AGES: From Monasteries to Medical Schools 2 4 ; ANCIENT M e d i c in e R e v iv e d : From Persia to Spain 2 8 ; T h f. B i a c k D e a t h 3 0 . Chapter Two: The Renaissance and the Enlightenment 32 T h f . RENAISSANCE: Discovering the Fabric o f the Body 3 4 ; P a r a c e l s u s 3 6 ; T h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t : The Overthrow o f Galen 3 8 ; T h e G o l d e n A g e o f Q u a c k s : A Century o f Naivety 4 2 . Chapter Three: The Nineteenth Century 44 RELIEVING PAIN: From Laughing Gas to Cocaine 46; OPIUM SO; MEDICAL T e c h n o l o g y : Microscopes, Sphygmomanometers and Syringes 52; SAVING MOTHERS: Semmehveis and Childbed Fever 54; DISEASE TRANSMISSION: From Miasma to Microbes 56; RABIES 60; J o s e p h L i s t e r : The First Antiseptic Operation 62; COMMUNITIES OF CELLS: The Work o f Bernard and Virchow 64; BACK t o B a s i c s : The Beginnings o f Genetics 66; WOMEN UNDER THE K n i f e : Examination and Surgery 68; TH E D a w n in g OF PSYCHIATRY: From Cruel Spectacle to Legal Protection 72; T h e GREATEST HAPPINESS: Action on Public Health 74; T h e R e su r r ec t io n M e n 76; T h e R e t u r n o f t h e W OM EN: Nursing and Female Doctors 78; A n ALTERNATIVE PATH: Patent Cures and Complementary Medicine 82; H y d r o t h e r a p y : Taking the Waters 84. Chapter Four: Medicine Before World War II 86 P r a c t i c e a n d E d u c a t i o n : At the Turn o f the Century 88; WILLIAM S t e w a r t H a lS T E D : The Father o f American Surgery 9 0 ; LANDSTEINER AND B LO OD: The A-B-0 and Rhesus Systems 9 2 ; TROPICAL M e d i c in e : Malaria and Sleeping Sickness 9 4 ; Y e l l o w F e v e r 9 6 ; A r c s a n d Im p u ls e s : Discoveries in Neurology 9 8 ; SYPHILIS 1 0 0 ; THF. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The Discovery o f Hormones 1 0 2 ; T h e DISCOVERY OF INSULIN 1 0 4 ; FIGHTING INFECTION: The Search f o r Magic Bullets 1 0 6 ; VIRUSES: The Search fo r Safe Vaccines 1 0 8 ; T h e STRUGGLE A g a i n s t TB: The Great White Plague 1 1 0 ; ALLERGY: Histamine and Anaphylaxis 1 1 2 ; OBSTETRIC ADVANCES: Towards S a f e Childbirth 114; HALDANE <Sl SON 116; P s y c h i a t r y & P s y c h o l o g y : From Sigmund Freud to BF Skinner 118; NUTRITION: The Discovery o f Vitamins 122; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: Microscopes and Electrical Monitoring 124; R o n t g e n AND X -RA Y S : Revealing the Body Beneath 126; Radia tion 128; P u b l i c H e a l t h : Improving the Well-being o f All Citizens 130. Chapter Five: The World at War 132 NEW WOUNDS AND DISEASES: War Brings Different Challenges 1 3 4 ; PENICILLIN: The Discovery o f the First Antibiotic 1 3 6 ; M c In d O E ’ s ‘GUINEA P ig s ’ : Advances in Plastic Surgery 1 3 8 ; HEALTH C a r e FOR A l l : Britain’s National Health Service 1 4 0 ; T h e O t h e r S i d e o e W a r 1 4 2 . Chapter Six: Medicine Since World War II — Perinatal Advances 144 BIRTH C o n t r o l : From Crocodile Dung to Planned Parenthood 1 4 6 ; T h e P il l : Developing an Oral Contraceptive 1 4 8 ; HAVING BABIES: The Rise o f the Interventionists 1 5 0 ; NATURAL C h i l d b i r t h 1 5 2 ; P r o t e c t in g C h il d r e n : Immunization and Early Warning 1 5 4 ; HOPE FOR ‘ Bl.UF. BABIES’ : Surgical Treatment fo r Congenital Heart Disease 1 5 6 . Chapter Seven: Medicine Since World War II — Advances in Science and Technology 158 T h e S t r u c t u r e OF L i f e : The Discovery o f the DNA Double Helix 1 6 0 ; T h e RISE OE PHARMACOLOGY: A New Panoply o f Drugs 1 6 4 ; T hf . B o d y W ITH IN : From Ultrasound to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1 6 8 ; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: From Sausage Casings to Computers 1 7 2 ; H lP REPLACEMENT: The Search J o r a Low-Friction Solution 1 7 6 ; GRAFTS AND T r a n s p l a n t s : From Magic to Machinery 1 7 8 ; TREATING T he HEART: From Aspirin to Artijical Hearts 1 8 3 . Chapter Eight: Medicine Since World War II — Breakdowns and Breakthroughs 184 M e n t a l I l l n e s s : New Drugs, New Theories 1 8 6 ; P a r k i n s o n ’s D i s e a s e 1 8 8 ; T h e E n ig m a o f P a in : Pain Pathways to Pain Clinics 1 9 0 ; Tl-IE S e x RESEARCHERS: From Havelock Ellis to Masters S^Johnson 1 9 2 ; FIGHTING CANCER: From Cocktails to Cures 1 9 4 ; W om e n a n d C a n c e r 1 9 8 ; E m e r g in g V ir u s e s : Old Diseases in New Settings 2 0 0 ; POLIOMYELITIS: The Salk and Sabin Vaccines 2 0 2 ; T h e SCOURGE OF A ID S : The Natural History of a Serial Killer 2 0 4 . Chapter Nine: Ancient and Modern Approaches 208 INTERNATIONAL A c t io n : Vaccination, Rural Hospitals and War Work 2 1 0 ; S m a l l p o x 2 1 2 ; P r e v e n t iv e M e d ic in e : The l.ifestyle Approach to Prophylaxis 2 1 4 ; RETURN OF THE HOLISTIC: From Cynicism to Acceptance 2 1 8 ; T h e ACUPUNCTURE PUZZLE: Justifying an Ancient Tradition 2 2 2 . Chapter Ten: Into the Future 224 D is e a s e s o f t h e F u t u r e , by Dr Nicola McClure 2 2 6 ; PREVENTION, by Professor Michael Connor 2 2 8 ; DIAGNOSIS, by Dr Bill Lees 2 3 0 ; REPAIRING THE BO D Y , by Professor Dr Hero van Urk 2 3 4 ; HELPING THE BO D Y , by Professor James Mowbray 2 3 6 ; T h e S e a r c h FOR C u r e s , by Professor Karol Sikora 2 3 8 ; C o m p l e m e n t a r y M e d ic in e , by Dr Patrick Pietroni 2 4 0 ; M in d AND BO D Y , by Dr Cosmo Hallstrom 2 4 2 ; COPING WITH D e a t h , by Dr Robert Twycross 2 4 4 . Index 246 Acknowledgements 256 Published in the United States of America by: Barnes & Noble Inc. 1992 Barnes & Noble Books Copyright © 1992 Morgan Samuel Editions. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or in by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holders. ISBN 0-88029-927-4 This book was conceived, edited, designed and produced by Morgan Samuel Editions, 11 Uxbridge Street, London W8 7TQ Typeset in Perpetua at lOpt on llp t by Blackjacks, London. Separated, printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co (HK) Ltd, Hong Kong. FOR MORGAN SAMUEL EDITIONS: Additional writers: Mike Groushko; Bonnie Estridge; Dr Richard Hawkins; Mai Sainsbury; Mary Ingoldby Managing Editor: Pip Morgan Editorial: Rob Saunders, Jenny Barling Editorial assistants: Nisha Jani; Louise Francis Editorial research: Beverley Cook; Marv Ingoldby; Paul Worth; Nicholas Haining: Zad Rogers; Tamsin Marshal Picture research: Beverley Cook; Colin Humphrey; Jan Croot Design: Jonathan Baker & Jack Buchan of Blackjacks Cover design: Tony Paine, Atkinson Duckett Consultants Indexer: Michele Clarke Publisher: Nigel Perryman This book is intended solely as a work of reference on the history and possible future of medicine. It should not be referred to for advice or guidance on the diagnosis, treatment or prognosis of any medical condition. In case of illness, consult your doctor. Jenny Sutcliffe Nancy Duin Foreword by Professor Dr. Hero Van Urk ISBN 10: 0671711326 / ISBN 13: 9780671711320 Published by Barnes & Noble Books, NY, 1992
Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, 2019
Health is wealth. The earthly journey between life and death depends on good mental and physical health. The bounties of nature are enjoyed well if one is blessed with sound health. However, in the recent decade, health has come out as a big issue because of the challenges it is facing from pollution, changed ecosystem, adulterated food, ingestion of chemicals through food articles, work pressure, changing social dynamics, breaking of family structure, narrowing down of families, rise of individuality etc. all these factors are directly or indirectly impacting on the physical and mental health of an individual. Rapid increase in diseases is compelling the patients to look up to doctors and health care providers. Although, in the past few decades there had been tremendous breakthroughs in the treatment of diseases with the help of technology yet there is a link that is missing day-by-day between the patient and health benefits. Historically, the modern method of treatment of diseases through professional doctors started gaining reputation in late 18 th century in America. It started gaining popularity because of its scientific methods of healing. By that time, historically and culturally, there was a conflict between modern and traditional healers within a community. Maureen Tuthill states in her book on Health and Sickness that, 'the learned physician came to exemplify the confident, intellectual leader who would stabilize the eroding stratification system in a post-Revolutionary society. The cultural tension created by these divergent views (i.e. modern and traditional methods of treatment) of the doctor in America endured for decades.' The American Medical Association consolidated the profession in late 19 th c. and the American physician was recognised as a man of good social status. Later on, the common public showed inclination towards the professionally educated physician. During those days the professionally trained physicians felt the need to use the title, 'Dr.' so as show them distinctively from the traditional healers. With the passage of each decade scientific ways of modern treatment earned the trust of people. Rapid innovations, researches and introduction of new drugs developed a trust in allopathic means of healing. The doctors were largely research oriented individuals, they were empathetic and they had a holistic
Medical Liberty: Drugless Healers Confront Allopathic Doctors, 1910–1931
Education, medicine and psychotherapeutics offer exemplary sites through which liberty and its dreams are realized. This article explores the social history of medical freedom and liberty in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The National League for Medical Freedom (NLMF) and the American Medical Liberty League (AMLL) offered fierce resistance to allopathic power. Allopathic liberties and rights to medical practice in asylums, clinics, courts, hospitals, prisons and schools were never certain. The politics of these liberties and rights represents a fascinating story that neither intellectual nor social historians have fully appreciated.