Building on the Kyoto Protocol: options for protecting the climate, K. A. Baumert with O. Blanchard, S. Llosa and J. F. Perkaus(eds), World Resources Institute, 2002. Distributed by The Eurospan Group, London. No. of pages: viii+ 252. ISBN 1-56973-524-7 (original) (raw)
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Th e global climate has changed notably since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses (GHG) have increased dramatically followed by an increase in global average temperature. In order to avoid negative potential outcomes of global warming, countries have adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that has so far been ratifi ed by 192 countries. In 1997 the Kyoto Protocol, a binding GHG reduction plan, was adopted and entered into force in 2005. But several countries, including the USA, have had doubts about the potential negative consequences of the planned 5% global joint reduction of GHG. However, studies generally show that on a macroeconomic level: (1) welfare loss in terms of GDP and lost growth in EU is low; (2) it diff ers among economies; and (3) permit trading and permit price (in either global or regional markets) is highly correlated with the welfare loss. Th e main objective of the paper is to describe the attitudes and responses to the Kyoto Protocol from a global perspective. Th e paper has three objectives. First, to provide an overview of global greenhouse gas emissions and the big drivers behind these emissions. Second, to present where diff erent countries, both developed and less developed countries, such as India, China and the countries of South-east Europe currently stand as regards their eff orts to achieve the Kyoto Protocol requirements. Th ird, to analyse the responses and attitudes to the Kyoto Protocol from a country development perspective.
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Abstract: Options for government's future climate policy are discussed as a function of the architecture of the present regime; the latter is anchored in the Kyoto Protocol, which is aimed at reducing the human impact on climate change. We describe the basic tenets of this agreement, and explain how it was realised despite the widely divergent interests. The strengths and weaknesses of the Kyoto regime, and related future opportunities and threats, are presented.
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The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, aimed to address climate change by establishing legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries. This paper examines the Protocol's objectives, mechanisms, and challenges. It analyzes the specific objectives outlined in the Protocol and evaluates the mechanisms implemented to achieve these goals, including emissions trading, Clean Development Mechanism. Furthermore, the paper explores the key challenges faced by the Protocol, such as lack of US participation, insufficient emission reduction targets, difficulties in monitoring and enforcement. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the Protocol's legacy and its implications for future climate action.
Architecture of the Kyoto Protocol and Prospects for Public Climate Policy
A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy, 2005
Options for government's future climate policy are discussed as a function of the architecture of the present regime; the latter is anchored in the Kyoto Protocol, which is aimed at reducing the human impact on climate change. We describe the basic tenets of this agreement, and explain how it was realised despite the widely divergent interests. The strengths and weaknesses of the Kyoto regime, and related future opportunities and threats, are presented. The degrees of collective decision-making and international participation were the basis for exploring four scenarios (local market, local collectivity, global market, and global collectivity) and concomitant policy instruments and actors. The possibilities of enhancing participation by linking issues and creating bandwagons are discussed. We conclude that the main flaw of the Kyoto regime is its lack of appropriate incentives. To realise a more effective regime, future climate policy should be geared towards making participation more attractive and rendering compliance selfenforcing.