Determination of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with airborne particulate matter by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (original) (raw)
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2016
This study developed analytical methods to quantify particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs). The methods were used to characterise PAHs in house dust and particulate matter (PM10) samples, respectively, in two case studies. Dust samples were collected from rural households in Malawi to represent indoor particles from biomass fuel combustion. PM10 samples were collected from three sites in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), Thailand to represent air pollutants in roadside, industrial and urban background environments. PAHs were quantified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometer(GCxGC TOFMS) was used for the screening of unknown air pollutants in PM10. Low molecular weight 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs were more abundant in dust samples collected in Malawi, while high molecular weight 4-ring to 6-ring PAHs were more abundant in PM10 samples collected in Thailand. Spatial and temporal variations in PM10 and pPAH concentrations were examined between and within the three sampling sites in Thailand. Annual average benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations were 0.47 ± 0.39 ng m-3, 0.35 ± 0.27 ng m-3 and 0.24 ± 0.19 ng m-3 at the roadside, industrial and urban background sites, respectively. Cancer risks associated with pPAHs were estimated using BaP and BaP toxic equivalency (BaP-TEQ) concentrations. The highest incremental lifetime cancer risk was found in the residential adult group at 4.2 x 10-7 at the industrial site. Although the highest PM10 and total PAHs concentrations were found at the roadside site, the highest carcinogenic potential of total PAH (in terms of BaP toxic equivalency concentration) was found at the industrial site. Thus, the cancer risk estimation relies more on the composition of pPAHs than its concentration. Estimated lifetime lung cancer risks associated with pPAHs in all three sites were in the ‘acceptable’ range of less than 1 x 10-6 defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010
Airborne particulates (PM10) from four different areas within Agra city (a semi-arid region) were collected using respirable dust samplers during the winter season (Nov. 2005–Feb 2006) and were then extracted with methylene chloride using an automated Soxhlet Extraction System (Soxtherm®). The extracts were analyzed for 17 target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the heterocycle carbazole. The average concentration of total PAH (TPAH) ranged from 8.04 to 97.93 ng m − 3. The industrial site had the highest TPAH concentration followed by the residential, roadside, and agricultural sites. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene were the predominant compounds found in the samples collected from all of the sites. The average B(a)P-equivalent exposure, calculated by using toxic equivalent factors derived from literature and the USEPA, was approximately 7.6 ng m − 3. Source identification using factor analysis identified prominent three, four, four, and four probable factors at industrial, residential, roadside, and agricultural sites, respectively.
Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences
The current research was conducted for the determination of concentrations of health hazardous PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in atmosphere which are among the dangerous identified organic pollutants. The atmospheric particulate matters were collected using high volume samplers from the industrial estate of Kot Lakhpat, Lahore, Pakistan. Average TPM (mg) of PM 2.5 was 16.030 and PM 10 was 144.300. The concentration of PM 2.5 was 534.390 ng/m 3 /h and 12825 ng/m 3 /day, while concentration of PM 10 was 4180 ng/m 3 /h and 115440 ng/m 3 /day. Gas chromatography was used for the quantification of 16 different PAHs. The mean total quantity of PAHs in air was 742.030 ng/m 3 on the basis of total particulate matter. The mean concentration of dibenzo(a,h) anthracene was highest i.e. 123.370 ng/m 3 with 10.660 ng/m 3 minimum and 236.080 ng/m 3 maximum, concentrations. In the present study the PAHs concentrations are found to be very high, so, there should be proper air management system to control such health hazardous organic pollutants.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Data Darbar Chowk of Lahore, Pakistan
Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2020
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in atmosphere are amongst the hazardous identified organic pollutants. The present study was conducted on the determination of PAHs concentrations in the air of Data Darbar Chowk, Lahore, Pakistan. The particulate matters in the atmosphere were collected using high volume samplers. Average Total Particulate Matter (mg) of PM 2.5 was 20.96 and PM 10 was 188.7. The concentration of PM 2.5 was 698.81 ngm-3 /hr and 16771 ngm-3 /day while concentration of PM 10 was 6290 ngm-3 /hr and 150960 ngm-3 /day. Quantification of different PAHs and related compounds was done by using Gas Chromatography. The mean total quantity of PAH in air was 955.588 ngm-3. The mean concentration of dibenzo (a, h) anthracene was highest i.e. 161.33 ngm-3 with 13.94 ngm-3 Minimum and 308.72 ngm-3 Maximum, concentrations. PAHs concentration was found to be very high in current research. There should be proper control through air management system to tackle with harmfulness of health hazardous organic pollutants.
Atmospheric Environment, 2002
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particles and roadside soil particles were measured at eight locations in the city center and the suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Atmospheric particles were collected using high-volume PM-10 sampler on glass fiber filters over 24 h average sampling period. Both types of samples were extracted with dichloromethane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractionated on an alumina-silica column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Total PAH concentrations in the atmospheric particles and roadside soil particles were found to be 6.2874.35 ng m À3 and 0.2270.11 mg g À1 , respectively. Benzo [g,h,i]perylene and coronene were found to be the most abundant PAHs in airborne particles at all locations. The most abundant PAHs in the roadside soil particles were fluoranthene, pyrene and phenanthrene. r
STUDIES ON PRESENCE OF PAHs IN AMBIENT AIR OF NAGPUR CITY (INDIA)
2012
ABSTARCT Polyaromatic hydrocarbons often are by product of petroleum processing or combustion. Many of these compounds are highly carcinogenic at relatively low levels. Highly carcinogenic & mutagenic compounds such as Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH's), Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's), Alkenes, Olefins etc. are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel. Among the various organic pollutants in air, PAHs are the largest single class of known carcinogens. They are a class of organic fraction associated with suspended particulate matter (SPM) and are widely disseminated throughout the atmosphere. Both forms, in gaseous state as well as in particulate matter in bounded form can be inhaled into the lungs. Out of sixteen PAH's Benzo(a) Anthracene [B{a}A], Benzo (b) Flouranthene [B{b}F] and Benzo (a) Pyrene [B{a}P] are known to be potentially weak, and moderate carcinogenic selected for this study. This report presents the profile of PAH, monito...
Urban Climate, 2021
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the carcinogenic component of carbonaceous aerosols and the toxicity of PAHs depends on their molecular structure. PM 2.5-bound PAHs concentration, their isomeric ratios and health impacts during wintertime (fog and non-fog episodes) are assessed at two heavily polluted sites (Allahabad and Kanpur) in central IGP (Indo-Gangetic plains) to better understand the spatial-temporal variability of PAHs as well as identification of their major sources. The highest contribution to PAH loading is reported from indeno (1,2,3-c,d) pyrene, benzo(g,h,i) perylene, benzo (b,j) fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene at the two sites during studied winter campaigns. Significantly higher contribution from 6-ring PAHs to total PAH concentration at Allahabad has been observed as compared to Kanpur. Moreover, lower PAHs concentration observed during dense fog episodes can be attributed to wet scavenging of aerosols by fog droplets. Isomeric ratios of PAHs indicated significant contribution from diesel engine exhaust at Allahabad and gasoline combustion at Kanpur. Substantial contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning emissions during wintertime over these sites was also observed. Estimation of health risk due to PAHs indicate potential health hazard to adults as well as children at both the sites. Furthermore, health risk observed due to carcinogenic metals (Cr (VI), Cd, Ni, As) and PAHs is nearly twice at Allahabad as compared to Kanpur. Diesel exhaust emissions (a dominant source of Cd and PAHs) appeared to be responsible for increased cancer risk at Allahabad. Whereas, higher Cr(VI) and PAHs concentration in the ambient aerosol is aggravating cancer risk at Kanpur.
Measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an industrial site in India
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were measured in Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) from December 2005 to August 2006 at Nunhai, an industrial site in Agra (India). Particulate matter samples were collected on glass fibre filters using High Volume Sampler (HVS-430) and were extracted using dichloromethane with ultrasonication and analyzed by GC. Total PAH concentration varies between 0.04 to 2.5 μg m −3 accounting only 1.6×10 −3 % of TSPM. The mass distribution in air was dominated by high molecular weight DbA, BghiP, BaP, BkF and IP. Combustion PAH (CPAH) except BeP represents 58% of the total PAH mass and IARC classified total carcinogenic PAH accounting 63% of TPAH concentration. Correlation studies between PAH revealed the contribution of low molecular weight PAH was mainly due to primary emission from diesel exhaust while high molecular weight PAH were formed during combustion. The presence of specific tracers and calculation of characteristic molecular diagnostic ratios Fla/(Fla + Pyr), BaP/(BaP + Chy), BaA/(BaA + Chy), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP and IP/BghiP) were used to identify the sources of the emissions of PAHs in the atmospheric samples. Seasonal variation in atmospheric PAH showed four fold increase in winter concentration than summer. The BaP and relative BaP amount calculated from the measurements suggested that photo-oxidation may also be responsible for the variation in PAH concentrations during winter and summer. Seasonal trends in atmospheric PAH concentration in the study area were influenced by fossil fuel usage for domestic heating, boundary height and temperature.
Talanta, 2007
Twenty-eight different tea samples sold in the United States were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) for their contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Many PAHs exhibit carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties and have been related to several kinds of cancer in man and experimental animals. The presence of PAHs in environmental samples such as water, sediments, and particulate air has been extensively studied, but food samples have received little attention. Eighteen PAHs congeners were analyzed, with percentage recovery higher than 85%. Contamination expressed as the sum of the 18 analyzed PAHs was between 101 and 1337 mg/kg on dry mass and the average contents in all of the 28 examined samples was 300 mg/kg on dry mass. Seven of the congeners were found in all samples with wide ranges of concentrations as follows: fluorene (7-48 mg/kg), anthracene (1-31 mg/kg), pyrene (1-970 mg/kg), benzo(a)anthracene (1-18 mg/kg) chrysene (17-365 mg/kg), benzo(a)pyrene (1-29 mg/kg), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (4-119 mg/kg). The two most toxic congeners benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene