Adolescents' protection motivation and smoking behaviour (original) (raw)
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Addictive Behaviors, 2007
Smoking-related self-efficacy and beliefs about the benefits of smoking are consistently related to intention to continue smoking, a common proximal outcome in youth smoking cessation studies. Some measures of these constructs are used frequently in national and state youth tobacco surveys, despite little evidence of validity for high school smokers. Further, the association of the constructs with intention has not been demonstrated in this group. The factorial validity of the measures and the cross-sectional correlations among self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention were examined among 9 th-12 th grade current smokers (N=2767, 13.8% reporting smoking ≥1 cigarette in the previous 30 days; mean age 16.2; 61.2% white, 6.2% Black, 17.8% Hispanic, 5.0% Asian, 3.5% other; response rate 70%) from a convenience sample of 22 Texas schools. Confirmatory factor analyses supported evidence of factorial validity for the scales in this sample. Structural equation modeling analyses suggested youth smokers have low confidence in their ability to avoid smoking, believe smoking offers emotional or social benefits, and intend to continue smoking. The scales assess smokingrelated self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention in this sample. Prospective studies are needed before intervention development implications are suggested.
Education Quarterly
Smokeless tobacco, a type of tobacco product that is consumed without burning, is detrimental to health but its consumption among youths of Nepal is increasing. In this regard, the main purpose of this paper is to predict SLT consumption behavior of students based on protection motivation theory (PMT), which is mostly used to study health related protective behaviors. For this study, descriptive research design was followed. Adolescent students of Class 9 and 10 of community schools of Siraha districts comprised the population of the study and the sample was selected by applying multiple-cluster sampling method. Although the sample size was 240, which was determined by using Yamane formula, only data of 225 students were analyzed due to discarding 15 incomplete questionnaires. Anonymous questionnaire was the tool of data collection that contained behavioral, socio-demographic and PMT scale sections. Data were collected through enumerators. The study found that threat appraisal was s...
The Changing Role of Self-Efficacy in Adolescent Smoking Initiation
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2011
Background: Refusal self-efficacy is assumed to be linked to adolescent smoking. The aim of the present study was to examine the changing role of self-efficacy in adolescent smoking over time while controlling for parental, sibling, and friends' smoking. Methods: This study used data from five annual waves of the "Family and Health" project. A total of 428 adolescents (mean age ϭ 13.3 years; standard deviation ϭ .48) and their parents participated at baseline. Only never smokers at baseline (n ϭ 272) were included to measure smoking initiation. First, the effects of baseline self-efficacy, parental, sibling, and friends' smoking on adolescent smoking initiation at measurement five were examined. Second, with latent growth curves analyses, individual growth curve parameters of adolescent smoking, self-efficacy, parental, sibling, and friends' smoking were calculated. Subsequently, these growth parameters were used to predict growth of adolescent smoking. Results: Findings showed that baseline self-efficacy, parental and friends' smoking did not predict adolescent smoking at wave five, but baseline sibling smoking did. However, growth curve parameters showed that a decrease in self-efficacy, an increase in proportion of smoking friends, and an increase in sibling smoking over time were related to an increase in adolescent smoking. Initial levels of sibling and friends' smoking moderated the link between self-efficacy and adolescent smoking over time. Conclusion: A decrease in self-efficacy over time, rather than baseline self-efficacy, is associated with smoking initiation in adolescence. Findings emphasize the need for more fine-grained analyses when looking at self-efficacy or other individual characteristics that might fluctuate over time.
Journal of Substance Use, 2018
This cross-sectional, descriptive research study was conducted in order to examine the impacts of adolescents' levels of social anxiety and self-efficacy on their perceptions of the pros and cons of smoking. Students (n = 219) in 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades provided demographic details and completed the Middle School Self-Efficacy Scale, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents, and the Decisional Balance Scale. We analyzed the data using Pearson's correlations, multiple regression, and logistic regression. Of the adolescents, 52.8% with a positive perception of smoking were current smokers and 2.2% with a negative perception of smoking were current smokers. Further, 38.9% of females and 61.1% of males perceived that smoking is beneficial to them, whereas 47% of females and 53% of males perceived that smoking cigarette is harmful to them. Adolescents' high self-efficacy, low social anxiety, and mothers' high level of education were associated with perceiving the cons of smoking. Additional experimental studies are needed to increase adolescents' self-efficacy levels, decrease their social anxiety, and teach them life skills. Furthermore, the effects of these precautions on the smoking-related perceptions of adolescents should be examined via experimental studies.
2016
This paper aims to examine the relationship between the individual factor of stress and cigarette smoking behavior and also determine the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between stress and cigarette smoking behavior among adolescents in Kerman, Iran. A quantitative research method was employed. The samples included three hundred current smoker adolescents between the ages of 15 to 18. The data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires and then analyzed by AMOS software. The direct structural model was employed to determine the path relationships between the individual factor of stress and cigarette smoking behavior. In addition, a multi-group analysis approach was applied to assess the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between stress and cigarette smoking behavior among adolescents. The results of testing the structural equation model revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between the individual factor...
Cognitions About Smoking and Not Smoking in Adolescence
Health Education & Behavior, 2009
The theory of planned behavior identifies important proximal determinants of behavior, including attitude toward the behavior, perception of subjective norms exerted by significant others, and perception of perceived control over performance of the behavior. Because research in the planned behavior tradition has focused on desirable target behaviors, it is not clear how these determinants can best be conceptualized to account for adolescents' acquisition of health risk behaviors such as smoking. This cross-sectional study compared the explanatory power of planned behavior constructs assessed in relation to "smoking" and "not smoking" in a sample of 248 Dutch secondary students (aged 12 to 17 years; 56% girls). The results indicated that four variables--attitude toward smoking, perceived subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control over both smoking and not smoking--best explained the adolescents' smoking intentions and smoking behavior. Methodological and practical implications for smoking interventions are discussed.
Journal of Marketing, 2003
Antismoking advertising is increasingly used, but its message content is controversial. In an initial study in which adolescents coded 194 advertisements, the authors identified seven common message themes. Using protection motivation theory, the authors develop hypotheses regarding the message theme effects on cognitions and intentions and test them in an experiment involving 1667 adolescents. Three of the seven message themes increased adolescents' nonsmoking intentions compared with a control; all did so by enhancing adolescents' perceptions that smoking poses severe social disapproval risks. Other message themes increased health risk severity perceptions but were undermined by low perceived vulnerability.
Smoking-specific compensatory health beliefs and the readiness to stop smoking in adolescents
British Journal of Health Psychology, 2010
Objective. Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs) are defined as beliefs that negative consequences of unhealthy behaviours can be compensated for by engaging in other health behaviours. CHBs have not yet been investigated in detail regarding smoking. Smoking might cause cognitive dissonance in smokers, if they are aware that smoking is unhealthy and simultaneously hold the general goal of staying healthy. Hence, CHBs are proposed as one strategy for smokers to resolve such cognitive dissonance. The aim of the present study was to develop a scale to measure smoking-specific CHBs among adolescents and to test whether CHBs are related to a lower readiness to stop smoking. Design. For the main analyses, cross-sectional data were used. In order to investigate the retest-reliability follow-up data, 4 months later were included in the analysis. Method. A newly developed scale for smoking-specific CHBs in adolescents was tested for its validity and reliability as well as its predictive value for the readiness to stop smoking in a sample of 244 smokers (15-21 years) drawn from different schools. Multilevel modelling was applied. Results. Evidence was found for the reliability and validity of the smoking-specific CHB scale. Smoking-specific CHBs were Significantly negatively related to an individual's readiness to stop smoking, even after controlling for other predictors such as self-efficacy or conscientiousness. Conclusions. CHBs may provide one possible explanation for why adolescents fail to stop smoking. Theoretical background Smoking remains a major cause of disease and death worldwide (Doll, Peto, Boreham, & Sutherland, 2004). Despite a decline over the last few years in most high-resource countries such as Canada, smoking is still prevalent, especially among young people (Shafey, Eriksen, Ross, & Mackay, 2009). In Switzerland, for example, 14% of IS-to 19-year-olds are daily smokers (boys: 16%, girls: 11%;
Psychology & Health, 2006
This study tested the ability of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adolescents' intentions to reduce smoking and the subsequent behaviour one year later. In addition, past behaviour (PB), moral norms, self-identity as a smoker, group identification, group norms and action planning were assessed. A prospective sample of 145 adolescents (M ¼ 14 years, Time 1) participated in the study. The TPB provided good predictions of intentions (adjusted R 2 ¼ 0.28). An extended TPB model including self-identity, moral norms, and the group identification and group norm interaction accounted for 39% (adjusted R 2 ) of the variance in intentions. The TPB components did not have a direct impact on subsequent behaviour, while PB and the perceived behavioural control (PBC) intention interaction accounted for 35% of the variance in behaviour after one year. The practical implications of these results for the development of interventions to encourage adolescent smokers to reduce or quit smoking are outlined.