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Regeneration Issues of the Armenian Mekhitarist Congregation Monastic Complex on San Lazzaro Island
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2022)
The extension and historical evolution of the Mekhitarist Congregation monastery complex on Saint Lazarus Island in Venice is covered in this article. Buildings' architecture and the unique aspects of their morphology are examined. The article argues that revaluing the monastic complex is necessary in order to address the local issues at hand. It will enable the complex's outstanding historical and cultural significance to be preserved while also allowing it to satisfy the Congregation's contemporary needs. The analysis of the concepts developed within the framework of the master's international educational program "IACOBUS plus" enabled the authors to identify the main approaches and challenges of the monastic complex's revalorization. They are classified into six main groups, which are graphically displayed in a table.
GEOMETRIC APPROACH TO THE REVITALIZATION PROCESS OF MEDIEVAL SERBIAN MONASTERIES
Among the standard approaches concerning cultural heritage preservation, the architectural point of view deserves particular attention. The special place in medieval Serbian history of architecture belongs to the world famous monastery complexes Studenica, Dečani and Gračanica. Beside them numerous significant monuments (churches and monasteries) exist as witnesses of the national testimony, currently in the state of ruins, archaeological sites, or damaged ones. A lot of them have adequate needs for revitalization, where the start point is engineering documentation. The focus of the research is on the role of specific geometric and engineering graphics tasks when these areas are concerning. Monastery church devoted to Introduction of Holy Theotokos in village Slavkovica (near town Ljig), with three old sarcophaguses, dated back to 15th century, is presented and analysed from several aspects:measuring, architectural style characteristics-geometric design, 3D modelling (classical-CAD and terrestrial photogrammetric) with visualization and presentation.The attention was paid to the preservation of authentic architectural style and medieval building techniques, which allow imperfections in realization.The opinion of experienced scientists and specialists involved in all the phases of monument's revitalization has been followed as a guideline to the final result – a proposed geometric design of the revitalised church in Slavkovica.
Identity and architectural values of the monastery of São Bento de Cástris in the period 1957-2005
2017
Identity is part of the architectural heritage, related directly to the cultural values of the place. In Portugal the monasteries were significantly changed after 1834, reason why they are architectural entities whose materiality reflects the adaptations to which they have been subjected over time, integrating its authenticity. This is the case of the Monastery of São Bento de Cástris, in Évora, which had several uses through time, adapting the place to allow its physical continuity. Through the study of its materiality it was sought to recognize the identity of the place between 1957-2005, when it was used as the male section of Casa Pia, a child care institution. This study aims to contribute to a future intervention methodology that considers the material values of the Monastery, due to the need to safeguard this currently abandoned place. This will contribute to regain a new collective esteem, essential for its continuity
The Management Plan refers to the Church Complex of St. George in Staro Nagorichane that represents cultural heritage of exceptional value and is of highest national significance. The church of St. George is among the most important architectural and artistic achievements of the medieval art not only in Macedonia but at the same time on Balkan Peninsula, and in Byzantine art of 14th century in general, thus the monument has universal value as an architectural and artistic achievement and testimony for the artistic achievement of mankind. For the preparation of the Plan, the used methodology was according to the preparation of management plans for sites that have been proclaimed as World Heritage by UNESCO, adapted to the church complex of St. George, Staro Nagorichane. The Plan contains historical data about the site, its values and meaning, its condition and challenges to which it is exposed, policies, strategies and aims/purposes of the management, as well as activities, organization and instruments for implementation of the Management Plan. Chapter 1 presents set of information for the geographical location of the church complex, the protected area which includes boundaries and buffer zones, legal protection respectively protection status, legislative and spatial and urban plans associated with the complex. This chapter also contains historical information and description of the complex and its surroundings, its place in regional context, as well as descriptions of activities in and around the complex, its accessibility, existing infrastructure and data for the current management. In Chapter 2 the church complex is evaluated and its universal values, authenticity, integrity and exceptional national importance of St. George and the site in general are listed/pointed. Based on the analysis of information contained in Chapter 1, an assessment on the condition of the church complex presented in Chapter 3 is given. Besides the physical condition of the site, damages of the buildings and wall paintings, this chapter also contains information on the accessibility, the level of research, presentation and popularization of the church complex and its inclusion in local economy. In Chapter 4 the principles of management, the position of the Plan and the institutional framework for the management respectively policies of the management of the church complex are listed. Strategy management, expected values and aims/goals of the Management plan for the Church Complex of St. George in Staro Nagorichane is contained in Chapter 5 – “Implementation of the Management Plan”. The objectives of the Plan are grouped into long-term goals, management goals, conservation goals and goals in the area of legislation and policy of preservation of cultural heritage, as well as the needs in terms of future research, interpretation and presentation of the site, its involvement in the local economy and protection of the landscape. For each designated goal or need in this chapter activities needed for their implementation are listed. The last Chapter (6) contains the model of organization and instruments for implementing, duration of the validity and review/revision of the Management Plan. The model and subjects of cooperation in implementation of the Plan are also part of this chapter. The Management plan for the Church Complex of St. George in Staro Nagorichane was prepared by the professional team of the National Conservation Centre – Skopje: Msc. Jasminka Nikolich Novakovich, Art histortian – Advisor conservator, Msc. Cvetanka Hadji Pecova, Architect – Advisor conservator, Msc. Jehona Spahiu, Art historian – Senior conservator, and Jovan Ristov, jurist in cooperation with representatives from Cultural Heritage Protection Office at the Ministry of Culture of Republic of Macedonia, Municipality of Staro Nagorichane, Bishopric/Diocese of Kumanovo and Osogovo, Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from the Municipality of Staro Nagorichane. The preparation of the Plan was enabled in the framework of the project Ljubljana Process II: Rehabilitating Our Common Heritage with financial assistance in the form of the EU Parliament grant for Sustaining Heritage Rehabilitation in the Western Balkans, implemented by the Task Force on Culture and Society of the Regional Cooperation Council. At national level, the Ljubljana Process II is coordinated by the Cultural Heritage Protection Office and the Ministry of Culture of Republic of Macedonia.
The monastery, in early 15 th century, was founded by Despot Stefan Lazarevic. The monastery complex consists of: the church, the refectory called "Resava school", and the fortress with 11 towers. During the Turkish and Austrian occupation, the monastery was repeatedly devastated and destroyed. Church of Holly Trinity belongs to original Serbian architectural style of the spatial conception design of Sacred temples -with trifoliate basis, so called "Morava school". However, in decoration façade instead placing alternating horizons of stone and red brick (until then the most commonly used method) -the decoration was done with sandstone from Bele vode and travertine from nearby occurrence in Panjevac. The aim of this paper is to present briefly properties and types of stone used for construction and reconstruction of the monastery, and consequences of disrespect the properties of stone that is now used for coating the church. Sandstone that is now used contains iron sulfide (as binder), which in oxidizing conditions, under weathering influence, rapidly oxidizes. In this process is formed sulfuric acid and limonite, which by its brown coats, patches and diffuse spreading distorts the original look of natural stone surfaces. Thus the aesthetic appearance of façade, compared with original look, got an ugly look.