From TraditionalHarmony to Contemporary Disruption (original) (raw)
8TH ENGINEERING AND 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD: COEC8-2021 Proceedings
The concept of culture in architecture is based on the idea that architectural elements, shapes, and structures reflect the lifestyle of the peoples or groups that produced them. Culture is reflected in certain elements or shapes, as in domes. The domes after the Islamic conquest were highly associated with the architecture of mosques, mausoleums and palaces in Islamic architecture. The focus will be on the eastern part of the Islamic world, which includes a number of different ancient civilizations in which Islam spread on its lands, including the region of Iran and Central Asia on the one hand, and the Indian subcontinent on the other. These regions are considered to have a cultural stockpile that contributed to the development of Islamic architecture styles. The juxtaposition of the regions in this place made it subject to the successive Islamic conquest, which transferred the culture of the Arabs to it. It was also subjected to the Mongol invasions. Therefore, the problem of the research paper is to identify the impact of cultural diversity in the formation of domes in the countries that underwent the Islamic conquest, through the interaction that took place between the culture of the place and the teachings imposed by the new religion. The temporal limits of the study from the period of the Islamic conquest to the nineteenth century. The aim of the research paper is to study the stages of development of the dome to describe the most prominent formal transformations that occurred in the morphology of the domes. THE FIRST CULTURE IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Cultural differences left their traces on architecture throughout the world until the idea of architecture as an expression of culture became one of the postulates of modern architectural thought. The concept of culture in architecture is based on the idea that architectural elements, shapes, and structures reflect the lifestyle of the peoples or groups that produced them [1]. Islamic architecture in the Islamic regions during the first three centuries was the product of the convergence of the faith and the new state with the ancient traditions of the Near East. In addition to many other cultures in the region that played an important role in the architectural artistic formation of Islamic culture. Muslims relied on technology and craftsmanship, and innovations moved from one place to another with the craftsmen. The early Islamic civilization was both modern and traditional, as it is modern in its rummage around for intellectual, administrative and cultural patterns that respond to new people, ideas and behaviors, as it is traditional
Megadome Evolution in The Ottoman’s Mosques; The Links
Journal of Design and Built Environment, 2020
A long history of civilization through various cultural and technological influences, had shaped the Ottoman mosque architecture. Each of the objects has its unique characteristics yet connected each other. This paper examines how the classic Turkish mosque-dome architecture, have evolved by proposing examination on configuration similarities and its connection. The authors address 23 mosques in the high classical period of the Ottoman's era to reveal spatial and technical considerations of the main building. The dynasty's route in architecture from central Asia, Seljuk, Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul is the context of the discussion. It is undeniable that the development of dome architecture in classical Turkey shows some clear linkages from the previous to the later age. Furthermore, some links connected pre and after Istanbul conquest, which contribute to clarify the dispute of the novelty of the architecture, were discovered.
The developments in architecture make a statement not only in practicality but also in lifestyles needs for a particular period. There is also a direct association with the architecture with a link to lifestyle, culture, social order, and specific needs within the various areas. The current architecture in Turkey, like most parts of the world including Rome and Greece indicates the development of the landscape as well as the historical, religious, cultural, and home areas reflects understanding of architecture, evident in ottoman rule. Modern development is often one based on urban spaces while the traditional means created with religious formations that were a part of Turkey. The research will examine the different pieces of architecture associated with Turkey’s Ottoman era and contemporary classic-style influenced by European cubism and modernism and introducing westernization and secularization. Consequently, this paper intercepts the ottoman rule with contemporary architecture using literature on architecture from the perspective of historical affiliations and contemporary changes as a part of culture. The concept of architecture in contemporary times in Turkey then will look examine the contemporary artefacts. The paper also examines Ottoman architecture design elements present in modern day mosques. One such element is the dome that has continually characterized the structure of mosques and without which this Islamic symbol loses contact with the audience. Keywords: Ottoman Architecture, Contemporary or Turkey Republic Architecture, Dwellings and Mosques in Turkey,
Domes Formation in Middle East Islamic Countries
2011
This paper addresses the history of the configuration of dome mosques in the Middle Eastern Islamic Cities, and describes the basic architecture of the dome prototype and contemporary forms. The dome, as an architectural form, is known in many cultures as one of the most important architectural achievements of man. It was chosen wherever efficiency and stability of the building were needed, because the dome is the most practical building system. The paper found that the construction of the dome was a vital element that shaped the architectural characteristics of the Islamic cities.
A NEW PERSPECTIVE TOWARDS NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL MOSQUES
15th International Congress of Turkish Art Conference Proceeding Book, 2018
In architectural historiography, nineteenth century Ottoman mosque architecture is usually discussed in terms of Ottoman westernization. There is a strong tendency among Ottoman historians to describe and define the nineteenth century Ottoman Empire within the decline- dissolution paradigm. A similar pattern can also be observed in Ottoman architectural historiography for distinct’ architectural languages of the era. While the architectural elements and spatial configuration of sultans’ mosques in the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, determine the discourse, (the eclectic style, as previously mentioned), which can be found in Mecidiye, Teşvikiye, Aziziye, Pertevniyal Valide and Hamidiye mosques in Istanbul, for the all of the nineteenth century Ottoman mosques. However, the provincial mosques, those that have received support from the sultan himself, have distinct spatial design and ornamental approaches than the mosques found in the capital. Thus, the examination of these mosques can give us an alternative historiography of 19th century Ottoman mosque architecture.
Proceedings 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age, 2017
The modernization of a second order city The Iranian cities like all cities in Muslim world were influenced by western modernization and had major changes. Before 1920 the traditional Iranian cities, including Kermanshah, shared the components and spatial relations of the so-called Islamic cities: city wall and gate, madrasih (religious school), hammam (public bath), bazaar (commercial district), citadel (governmental palace), Friday mosque, Mahallas (residential neighborhoods) that were divided often based on different ethnics or religions criteria and hierarchical networks of winding alleys and the numerous cul-desacs that link the houses to the city center (Borumand, 2009; Kheirabadi, 2000). In 1920 this traditional pattern experienced the beginning of new phase in urban and structure change (Ehlers and Floor, 1993; Marefat, 1988). The first steps for modernizing of Iran, especially Tehran as the capital, were taken during the regimen of Naser-ed-Din Shah in Qajar dynasty by the 1870s after his visit of Paris (Katouzian, 1996). But it was not fundamental until the early 1920s with monarchy of Reza Shah during Pahlavi dynasty (Habibi, 2006). The importance of urban modernization study in Iranian-Islamic Abstract. Pre-1920 cities in Iran were characterized by a number of features shared by other traditional cities of Islamic world. Although often criticized for their Eurocentric nature, the features of "Islamic city" can be useful as starting point to analyze the modernization process of these traditional cities and their crucial impact in their structural transformation. As the traditional cities of the Islamic world have been much more studied than the twentieth century changes that have transformed them, we need more holistic and integrated understanding about the changes derived from the modernization process. To explore the broad and widespread of their metamorphosis, it is more enlightening if we study second order cities, rather than studying the transformations of major capitals such as Cairo, Istanbul or Teheran, where interventions are more exceptional and more rhetorical. Therefore, this paper aims to study the historic core of Kermanshah city, to understand the link between urban and social transformations due to modernization process by tracing it historically. We will focus, particularly, on studying the stages of urban transformation and changes of urban morphology as well as conflicts and differences between traditional urban features with the modern ones. In other words, we are interested in understanding how traditional morphology and structure of residential and commercial zone are affected by the opening of new and wide boulevards in course of modernisation process, and how these changes influence everyday people life.
Structural Solutions with Aesthetic Values in Islamic Architecture
Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2024
The construction of the dome is considered one of the most important architectural achievements in the history of architecture, through continuous development in the design of the dome, which led to the design and implementation of large areas without any construction obstacles, making it one of the projects that was built on a large scale. Important architectural styles require recognition of their structural capabilities and artistic expression. Hence, this research highlights the importance of domes, arches, and muqarnas in Islamic architecture. The idea of the research came to draw inspiration from the past in the dome element, in terms of its shape and development, in a structurally defined area, which is the area of transition from the square shape to the circle. This transformation captured the thought and interest of Muslim architects over a long period of time, giving this structural solution aesthetic value. These ideas were used in all types of buildings, and when we wanted to study them, we only found mosques and tombs whose details remained, which gave us a golden opportunity to study them and benefit from them. From here we can understand this development and reach the current dome. The research begins by identifying the most important structural elements in Islamic architecture, including the dome, which we expand into studying its origins, types, different shapes, uses, and development. We see this development by studying the transitional zone of the dome from the inside and outside. From the inside, we find corner curves, spherical triangles, and stalactites, which we explain in detail due to their importance and the variety of their shapes, then using arches. Development from the outside includes keeping pace with the inside in increasing the transformation area, finding simple aesthetic solutions, reaching hierarchical solutions, and others. Then comes the innovative solution, and the maximum stage of Evolution in the Ottoman Dome, and how the development of the dome reached the point of covering the entire building area.
Urban Texture and Architectural Styles after the Tanzimat
In the Ottoman world, the plurality, which existed at all levels within its political system, leads the researcher towards an analysis of exceptions rather than rules. The versatility of the system encourages, in fact, the reinterpretation and adaptation of diverse elements within the same historical and geographical context. Yet values incorporated into a wider organizational system encourage the perception of dominant factors common to the various manifestations of this plurality. Therefore it is essential that Ottoman cities should be studied in a comparative analysis during the same period. In this way those aspects can be determined which form distinctive parts of a wider unifying system. Such a comparative method helps also to define specific, local characteristics of a city and to see how those local specific elements actualize, reinterpret or reinstate the general rules and regulations of a centralized system emanating from the imperial capital. This paper will try to introduce therefore, the various elements of the urban fabric and architectural styles after the Tanzimat, with an emphasis on cities in today's Greece and Turkey and outline the principles that guided the phases of urban change rather than analysing specific and local examples.
Analysis of Dome Structure in Iranian - Islamic Architecture and Urban Structure
2016
The most important characteristic of dome and factors influencing it in the Islamic Iranian architecture that is different from other courses is construction and construction methods of them. Over time, different factors are involved in the process of formation of the domes. It is one of the factors influencing the structure of Iranian-Islamic domes. By examining the structure of Iranian-Islamic domes form can be read part of forgotten knowledge of architectural past among architects. This paper aimed to analyze the impact of changes on aspects of the architecture of dome. Other researchers on the review of the reports for reviewing and rethinking dome shows the analysis so far mainly structured approach to the process of the formation of the dome is recognized in Islamic Iranian architecture. Other researchers on the review of the reports for reviewing and rethinking dome shows the analysis so far mainly with structural approach recognized the process of the formation of the dome i...