Depression in postpartum and non-postpartum women: prevalence and risk factors (original) (raw)
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TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 2013
To determine the occurrences of depression experienced by women during the postpartum period and the risk factors that affect the development of this depression. Materials and methods: The study involved 330 women who had recently given birth in a hospital in 2007. The women were contacted 3 times in total: on postpartum day 1 (face to face) and in weeks 2 and 6 (by phone). The Edinburgh Scale of Postpartum Depression (EPDS) was used as the form for collecting data. According to the EPDS, women who have scored 13 points or above are sensitive to depression. Results: The EPDS scores of 16.7% of women on postpartum day 1 and 19.4% of women at postpartum weeks 2 and 6 were 13 points or above. It has been determined that the difference of the average of EPDS points is statistically significant according to the factors of educational status, age, desire for the pregnancy, and having difficulty in caring for the baby with the spouse (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It is important that nurses provide consultancy services for women about depression during postpartum period.
Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Contributing Risk Factors
… Klinikleri Journal of …, 2011
To determine the prevalence and to assess the contributing risk factors of postpartum depression in an urban population. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : A prospective study involving postpartum women was conducted at a tertiary medical center in order to determine the individuals with depressive symptomatology. Three different depression scales namely Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used. The scales were administered twice, in the first and sixth week after the delivery. Prevalance of postpartum depression and associated risk factors such as sociodemographic, psychological, and pregnancy-labour related parameters were evaluated. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : In 123 postpartum women, the prevalence of postpartum depression according to the results of three different depression scales was 9.8-30.1% in the first week, and was reduced to 6.5-16.3% at the postpartum sixth week. Eight (6.5%) women have exhibited postpartum depression according to the scores of all three scales at the same time during the second evaluation. Low family income, severe intrafamilial conflict and personal history of psychiatric treatment were related with depressive symptomatology, and these risk factors were detected among the women who scored positively according to the scores of all three scales at the postpartum sixth week (p= 0.007, p= 0.021, p= 0.024 respectively). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Better understanding of risk factors leading to postpartum depression is mandatory for health care providers to recognize this significant psychiatric disorder at an early stage. Screening by using various scales should be encouraged for timely detection of vulnerable women.
Effect of postpartum depression on women’s mental and physical health four years after childbirth
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
Background: Postpartum depression has been shown to affect women's health in the long term but no studies have assessed this in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Aims: This study determined the prevalence of current depression and illness in women who had experienced postpartum depression four years after childbirth, and evaluated the factors associated with current depression. Methods: In a cohort study in 2009, 1801 pregnant women without depression at 32-42 weeks of pregnancy attending Mazandaran primary healthcare centres were examined for postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). After four years, 204 women of the original cohort with postpartum depression and 467 without postpartum depression were again evaluated using the EPDS, and other questionnaires to determine the prevalence of current depression and other health problems. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors associated with current depression and other health problems. Results: The mean age of the women was 30.13 (SD 5.21) years. Women with postpartum depression were two times more likely to experience depression four years after childbirth (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.38-3.36). They were also significantly more likely to experience chronic diseases (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.38-4.50) and score higher on the General Health Questionnaire (OR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.38-4.50). Conclusions: Postpartum depression predisposes women to later depression and other mental and physical health problems. Women with postpartum depression need to be identified and provided with support and appropriate interventions to avoid later health problems.
International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2019
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is non-psychotic depressive episode that occurs between postpartum to fourteen months of childhood. It has adverse effect on mother and child health. Aim of this study was to analyze prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression at tertiary care centre.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in obstetrics and gynaecology department where 175 women between 10 days to 1 year of delivery were assessed using Edinberg postpartum depression scale. A score of 10 or more were taken as sign of postpartum depression. Various socio-demographic and obstetrics variables were assessed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).Results: Prevalence of PPD was found in 11.4% patients. Common risk factors associated were intrauterine death (IUD) or early neonatal death, postpartum complications and lack of family support.Conclusions: Postpartum is common among postnatal women and is associated with various factors which can be modifie...
Causes and consequences of postpartum depression among women
The causes and consequences of postpartum depression were explored in this paper. Researchers have found that childbirth is joyful for some women but emotionally disturbing and stressful for others. Genetic, environmental, and biological variables have been implicated as factors that influence the experience of postpartum depression among women. However, due to a lack of consensus about the relationship between these factors and postpartum depression, the nature and causes of postpartum depression is still unclear. The lack of consensus is due in part to variations in the types of postpartum mood disorder described in studies. There is a need for systematic studies that explore causes and consequences among high-risk population and women of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Current problems in understanding diverse and contradictory findings will ultimately be resolved with long-term follow-up studies examining the genetic, environmental, biological and psychosocial factors among control ...
The Prediction of Depression in the Postpartum Period
are Senior Lecturers at the University of Queensland. ABSTR ACT Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-six women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy were surveyed to investigate the relationship between potential risk factors for depression and mood states in the postpartum period. Participants were followed from their first antenatal interview until 6 months postpartum. Level of depression was measured at the first interview using the Delusions Signs and Symptoms Inventory (DSSI) and again at 6 months postpartum. A second measure of depression, which was prototypical in nature and related to the maternity blues, was administered retrospectively to cover the 6 month period following parturition. the assessment of independent variables during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period included demographic data and several measures of: neonatal risk, stress and social adjustment. Having excluded from analysis, participants who were depressed at the initial interview a point prevalence for depression of 2.6% (measured by the DSSI) and a prevalence for severe and prolonged postpartum stress of 12.8% (using the prototype measure) was recorded. Data was analysed using categorical modelling techniques and multiple regression analysis. Linear models were constructed to predict, both, DSSI and prototype measures of depression. Predictor variables accounted for 17% of the variance in DSSI scores and only 7% in the prototype measure. Whilst stress and social support formed the core of both models, irrespective of the analysis used, neonatal risk variables were more strongly predictive of 'blues" related depression. Inconsistencies in results are discussed and the need to differentiate between postpartum depression and depression (unrelated to childbirth) occurring in the postpartum period is proposed. Implications for primary prevention are discussed. Recent evidence suggests that women face a greater risk of developing a psychiatric disorder during the postpartum period than has previously been thought. Further, the majority of these disorders have been categorised into three types of dysphoric mood state, namely, the maternity blues, postpartum depressive psychosis and postpartum (postnatal) depression (Hopkins, Marcus & Campbell, 1984.) The maternity blues have been described as a common transitory condition affecting between 50 and 80 percent of postpartum women (
Postpartum depression and the factors affecting It: 2000-2017 Study results
Journal of Psychiatric Nursing
Postpartum depression and the factors affecting it: 2000-2017 study results Objectives: This study aims to determine the factors affecting postpartum depression. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional, descriptive systematic literature review conducted using document review as the data collection method. ULAKBİM National Databases, Medline/PubMed, Turkish Medline, Dergipark, Scopus and EBSCO were accessed using the keywords "postpartum depression / postnatal depression / puerperal depression". 39 articles published between the years 2000-2017 were included in the study. The articles were evaluated in terms of the year, sample number, research type and results and the frequency distribution of the data. Results: It is stated that 51% of the articles were published between the years of 2010-2014. The studies were conducted with women between the ages of 15-49 years. Only one study has a sample size greater than 500. More than half of the studies include the postpartum period between 0-6 months. The most significant factor affecting postpartum depression (56.4%) is a history of depression in the mother or her family. Fourteen studies targeted the relationship between the use of antiemetic drugs during pregnancy and postpartum depression and no relationship was determined. Conclusion: Predominant factors affecting postpartum depression include: history of depression in the mother or her family, unplanned pregnancies, the number of pregnancies, economic condition, and having multiple children. Midwives' awareness of these factors can guide them in follow-up and support during the postpartum period.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2003
Aim: The present study investigates both the antenatal prediction of the occurrence of depression during the first year postpartum and the course of depression in populations at different degrees of risk. Methods: In a population-based prospective study, 1618 women were screened during mid-pregnancy for risk factors with regard to depression. High-risk and low-risk women were identified, and depression (Research Diagnostic Criteria, RDC) was assessed at 32 weeks gestation and at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Results: In the high-risk group (n = 97), 25% of the women were depressed during the first year postpartum compared to 6% of the low-risk women (n = 87). At 3 months postpartum, significantly more high-risk (17%) than low-risk women (1%) were depressed. While prevalence rates decreased after 3 months postpartum in the high-risk group, no significant fluctuations of prevalence rates were found in the low-risk group. Two risk factors were independently predictive of depression during the postpartum period: a personal history of depression, and high depressive symptomatology during mid-pregnancy. Conclusions: Women at high risk and low risk for depression during the early postpartum period can be detected during pregnancy. High-risk women were only at particular risk during the first 3 months postpartum. D
Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2000
To identify and test the predictive power of demographic, obstetric, and psychosocial risk factors of postpartum depression. Community-based, prospective follow up study based on questionnaires on past history of psychiatric disease, psychological distress and social support during pregnancy and depression at four months after delivery. Obstetric files were collected at time of birth. Antenatal care clinic and delivery ward, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. 6,790 women giving birth between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1995, who attended the antenatal clinic during pregnancy; 5,252 (78%) completed all questionnaires. The validation population comprised 528 women enrolled immediately prior to and after the study period. Postpartum depression four months after giving birth assessed by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. 5.5% of the women suffered from postpartum depression, corresponding to a score of 13 or higher on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Risk factors identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis included psychological distress in late pregnancy (OR 6.3 [95% CI 4.4-9.1]), perceived social isolation during pregnancy (OR 3.6 [95% CI 1.9-7.0]); high parity (OR 3.8 [95% CI 1.8-8.0]); and a positive history of prepregnant psychiatric disease (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4-3.2]). No association was found between pregnancy or delivery complications, and postpartum depression. The maximum predictive power of the identified risk factors was 0.3. According to these results, one out of three women who suffers from psychological distress in late pregnancy with perceived social isolation will develop postpartum depression. Antenatal focus on psychosocial wellbeing may help to identify women at risk of postpartum depression.
Prevalence of postpartum depression in two municipalities in Norway
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 2009
Prevalence of postpartum depression in two municipalities in Norway The objectives of this study were (i) to describe the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in two Norwegian municipalities and (ii) to investigate whether mothers' age and parity are related to the development of PPD. A total of 2227 women, 437 from M1 and 1790 from M2 participated in the study. Mothers who had given birth between 1 May, 2005 and 31 December, 2006 completed The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at well baby clinics 6 weeks after delivery. The prevalence of PPD (EPDS ‡ 10) was 10.1%. However, there was a significant difference between the municipalities, with a prevalence of 14.4% in M1 and 9% in M2. Primiparous mothers showed a higher prev-alence than multiparous mothers did, and the oldest mothers (36 years and over) showed the highest prevalence. PPD is an issue of importance in Norway, as in many other countries. Public health services should be aware of the higher risk of PPD among primiparous mothers and especially among older primiparous mothers. A small difference in the information provided by nurses to the mothers in the two groups at the home visit 2 weeks postpartum may have produced a significant difference in the prevalence of PPD. The findings may have implications for service delivery in public health.